---
title: "MNIST / Fashion-MNIST: research papers using this data"
description: "From Nov 2023 to Oct 2026, 785 archived papers mentioned MNIST / Fashion-MNIST in their title, abstract or keywords (the search of earlier months' full texts is still under way), most of them in Jan 2024 (41)."
url: https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/mnist-fashion-mnist
markdown_url: https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/mnist-fashion-mnist.md
license: CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
share_text: "From Nov 2023 to Oct 2026, 785 archived papers mentioned MNIST / Fashion-MNIST in their title, abstract or keywords (the search of earlier months' full texts is still under way), most of them in Jan 2024 (41). (as of 2026-11-04)"
data_url: https://scholar4ai.com/data/rankings.json
updated: 2026-11-04T18:03:26+09:00
window: 2026-10-06 to 2026-11-04
source: OpenAlex (CC0)
---

# MNIST / Fashion-MNIST

[Browse dataset profiles](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/directory/page/4.md)

Labelled image collections used to train and compare image classifiers.

- data category: Image classification benchmarks
- 0 papers in the last 7 days
- Names searched for: MNIST

Most-used data: https://scholar4ai.com/rankings/datasets.md · All Image classification benchmarks datasets: https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/image-classification-benchmarks.md



## Key findings

- From Nov 2023 to Oct 2026, 785 archived papers mentioned MNIST / Fashion-MNIST in their title, abstract or keywords (the search of earlier months' full texts is still under way), most of them in Jan 2024 (41).
- MNIST / Fashion-MNIST was mentioned in 11 papers in the last 30 days (2026-10-06 to 2026-11-04), ranking #19 of the 255 datasets mentioned.
- By journal category: AI (11).
- Most of them appeared in Neural Networks (3), Pattern Recognition (2) and Expert Systems with Applications (1).
- From 2017 to 2026 (so far), MNIST / Fashion-MNIST was mentioned in 1,105 papers in the tracked journals, most of them in AI (1,027), operations research (49) and statistics (15).
- 246 of them were published in 2025, against 18 in 2017.
- Since 2023, the institutions with the most of these papers were Tsinghua University (24), Chinese Academy of Sciences (23) and University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (23).
- The journals publishing most of them were IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (95), IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems (91) and Neural Networks (79).
- The most-cited of them is “A systematic study of the class imbalance problem in convolutional neural networks” (Neural Networks, 2018), with 3,086 citations.
- Papers use MNIST / Fashion-MNIST most often with CIFAR-10 / CIFAR-100 (540), ImageNet (325) and SVHN (127); it has 74 partners in the code and data network, in the group around ImageNet, CIFAR-10 / CIFAR-100, MNIST / Fashion-MNIST.

## Mentions over 36 months

*Papers mentioning it by publication month, Nov 2023 to Oct 2026 (titles, abstracts and keywords; the full texts of earlier months are still being searched)*

| Trend | Nov 23–Oct 24 | Nov 24–Oct 25 | Nov 25–Oct 26 | 36 months |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|
|  | 309 | 269 | 207 | 785 |

## Papers per year

*Papers per publication year and category*

| Category | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 (so far) |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|
| [AI](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/ai.md) | 18 | 29 | 36 | 53 | 49 | 51 | 120 | 281 | 222 | 168 |
| [Operations Research](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/operations-research.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 13 | 19 | 11 |
| [Statistics](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/statistics.md) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 4 | 1 |
| [Information Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/information-systems.md) | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| [Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/economics.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| [Higher Education and Research](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/higher-education-and-research.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| All categories | 18 | 32 | 37 | 55 | 53 | 52 | 125 | 305 | 246 | 182 |

## Where the papers come from

*Journals with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Journal | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/ieee-transactions-on-pattern-analysis-and-machine-intelligence.md) | 95 |
| 2 | [IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/ieee-transactions-on-neural-networks-and-learning-systems.md) | 91 |
| 3 | [Neural Networks](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/neural-networks.md) | 79 |
| 4 | [Machine Learning](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/machine-learning.md) | 75 |
| 5 | [Neural Computing and Applications](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/neural-computing-and-applications.md) | 68 |
| 6 | [Artificial Intelligence Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/artificial-intelligence-review.md) | 59 |
| 7 | [IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/ieee-transactions-on-artificial-intelligence.md) | 42 |
| 8 | [Pattern Recognition](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pattern-recognition.md) | 41 |
| 9 | [Expert Systems with Applications](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/expert-systems-with-applications.md) | 32 |
| 10 | [Knowledge-Based Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/knowledge-based-systems.md) | 27 |

*Institutions with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Institution | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [Tsinghua University](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/tsinghua-university.md) | 24 |
| 2 | [Chinese Academy of Sciences](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/chinese-academy-of-sciences.md) | 23 |
| 3 | [University of Electronic Science and Technology of China](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/university-of-electronic-science-and-technology-of-china.md) | 23 |
| 4 | [Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/centre-national-de-la-recherche-scientifique.md) | 21 |
| 5 | [Zhejiang University](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/zhejiang-university.md) | 21 |
| 6 | [Nanyang Technological University](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/nanyang-technological-university.md) | 17 |
| 7 | [Shanghai Jiao Tong University](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/shanghai-jiao-tong-university.md) | 14 |
| 8 | [Xidian University](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/xidian-university.md) | 14 |
| 9 | [Hong Kong Polytechnic University](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/hong-kong-polytechnic-university.md) | 13 |
| 10 | [National University of Singapore](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/national-university-of-singapore.md) | 13 |

*Countries with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Country | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | China | 316 |
| 2 | United States | 126 |
| 3 | United Kingdom | 86 |
| 4 | Australia | 62 |
| 5 | Italy | 52 |
| 6 | Germany | 51 |
| 7 | Hong Kong | 47 |
| 8 | Spain | 38 |
| 9 | France | 37 |
| 10 | Singapore | 36 |

*Keywords with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Keyword | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [image classification](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/image-classification.md) | 89 |
| 2 | MNIST | 67 |
| 3 | [federated learning](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/federated-learning.md) | 62 |
| 4 | [convolutional neural networks](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/convolutional-neural-networks.md) | 43 |
| 5 | [generalization](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/generalization.md) | 37 |
| 6 | data heterogeneity | 35 |
| 7 | spiking neural networks | 35 |
| 8 | non-IID data | 33 |
| 9 | [convergence analysis](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/convergence-analysis.md) | 29 |
| 10 | [explainable AI](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/explainable-ai.md) | 29 |

## Most-cited papers

*Most-cited papers since 2017*

| # | Citations | Per month | Title | Journal | Published | Authors |
|---:|---:|---:|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3,086 | 31.1 | [A systematic study of the class imbalance problem in convolutional neural networks](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2018.07.011) | [Neural Networks](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/neural-networks.md) | 2018-07-29 | Mateusz Buda, Atsuto Maki, Maciej A. Mazurowski |
| 2 | 665 | 14.1 | [Three types of incremental learning](https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-022-00568-3) | [Nature Machine Intelligence](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/nature-machine-intelligence.md) | 2022-12-05 | Gido M. van de Ven, Tinne Tuytelaars, Andreas Savas Tolias |
| 3 | 613 | 18.5 | [Autoencoders and their applications in machine learning: a survey](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-023-10662-6) | [Artificial Intelligence Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/artificial-intelligence-review.md) | 2024-02-03 | Kamal Berahmand, Fatemeh Daneshfar, Elaheh Sadat Salehi et al. |
| 4 | 556 | 13.1 | [A modified Adam algorithm for deep neural network optimization](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-023-08568-z) | [Neural Computing and Applications](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/neural-computing-and-applications.md) | 2023-04-25 | Mohamed Reyad, Amany Mahmoud Sarhan, Mohamed M. Arafa |
| 5 | 522 | 16.4 | [Federated learning for medical image analysis: A survey](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2024.110424) | [Pattern Recognition](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pattern-recognition.md) | 2024-03-12 | Hao Guan, Pew‐Thian Yap, Andrea Bozoki et al. |

## Used together with

Papers use MNIST / Fashion-MNIST most often with CIFAR-10 / CIFAR-100 (540), ImageNet (325) and SVHN (127); it has 74 partners in the code and data network, in the group around ImageNet, CIFAR-10 / CIFAR-100, MNIST / Fashion-MNIST.

*What papers use MNIST / Fashion-MNIST together with (at least 3 papers; lift 1 = chance)*

| Used with | Type | Papers using both | Lift |
|---|---|---:|---:|
| [CIFAR-10 / CIFAR-100](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cifar-10-cifar-100.md) | Dataset | 540 | 16.8 |
| [ImageNet](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/imagenet.md) | Dataset | 325 | 5.9 |
| [SVHN](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/svhn.md) | Dataset | 127 | 26.2 |
| [Face recognition (LFW, CelebA, VGGFace2)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/face-recognition-lfw-celeba-vggface2.md) | Dataset | 72 | 10.5 |
| [UCI Machine Learning Repository](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/uci-machine-learning-repository.md) | Dataset | 56 | 3.8 |
| [Caltech-101 / 256](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/caltech-101-256.md) | Dataset | 50 | 14.6 |
| [MS COCO](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/ms-coco.md) | Dataset | 37 | 1.7 |
| [IMDb](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/imdb.md) | Dataset | 36 | 6.6 |
| [Domain adaptation benchmarks (Office-31, Office-Home, VisDA…](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/domain-adaptation-benchmarks-office-31-office-home-visda-domainnet.md) | Dataset | 34 | 9.0 |
| [Kaggle](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/kaggle.md) | Dataset | 31 | 2.3 |
| [Fine-grained benchmarks (CUB-200, Stanford Cars, Oxford Flowers)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/fine-grained-benchmarks-cub-200-stanford-cars-oxford-flowers.md) | Dataset | 29 | 5.5 |
| [AG News / 20 Newsgroups](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/ag-news-20-newsgroups.md) | Dataset | 24 | 5.3 |

The whole network: https://scholar4ai.com/code/network.md

## Papers

*Papers mentioning MNIST / Fashion-MNIST in the last 30 days, newest first.*

| Date | Title | Journal | Authors | Affiliations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-10-28 | [AP(TM): Associative processor based Tsetlin machine](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.134830) | [Expert Systems with Applications](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/expert-systems-with-applications.md) | Harel Srot, Yehuda Rudin, Alexander Fish et al. | Bar-Ilan University |
| 2026-10-27 | [Meta additive model: interpretable sparse learning with auto weighting](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10618-026-01274-z) | [Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/data-mining-and-knowledge-discovery.md) | Xuelin Zhang, Xinyue Liu, Lingjuan Wu et al. | Huazhong Agricultural University; Dongfeng Motor (China) |
| 2026-10-23 | [Parallelizable memory recurrent units](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2026.109797) | [Neural Networks](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/neural-networks.md) | Florent De Geeter, Gaspard Lambrechts, Damien Ernst et al. | University of Liège |
| 2026-10-20 | [Central description length (CDL) clustering validation index](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2026.104644) | [Artificial Intelligence](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/artificial-intelligence.md) | Mahdi Shamsi, Soosan Beheshti | McGill University; Toronto Metropolitan University |
| 2026-10-19 | [Nothing beyond randomness is required for forward-forward learning](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2026.115214) | [Pattern Recognition](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pattern-recognition.md) | Yue Zhou, Xiaofang Hu, Shukai Duan | Southwest University |
| 2026-10-17 | [Language modeling on tabular data: a survey of foundations, techniques and evolution](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-026-11726-z) | [Artificial Intelligence Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/artificial-intelligence-review.md) | Yucheng Ruan, Xiang Lan, Jingying Ma et al. | National University of Singapore; Institute of Data Science |
| 2026-10-15 | [Frequency–spatial dual-domain imperceptible watermarking for robust image datasets copyright protection](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2026.105235) | [Information Processing & Management](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/information-processing-management.md) | Xiaojie Du, Yedi Chen, Kai Ma et al. | Guizhou Normal University |
| 2026-10-14 | [Dynamic gain neuromodulation attenuates stability gaps during continual joint training](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2026.109767) | [Neural Networks](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/neural-networks.md) | Alejandro Rodriguez-Garcia, Anindya Ghosh, Srikanth Ramaswamy | Newcastle University |
| 2026-10-13 | [Bootstrap Wasserstein alignment for stable feature attribution in low-data regimes](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2026.117182) | [Knowledge-Based Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/knowledge-based-systems.md) | Mujahidul Islam, Priya Dubey | Tokyo International University |
| 2026-10-12 | [AS-DQCNN: Angle superposition-augmented decreasing quantum convolutional neural network for image classification](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2026.109741) | [Neural Networks](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/neural-networks.md) | Yanyan Feng, Yan Li, Jie Li et al. | Central South University of Forestry and Technology; Central South University |
| 2026-10-10 | [Variational graph-based semi-supervised learning](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2026.115073) | [Pattern Recognition](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pattern-recognition.md) | Sebastian Salwig, Till Kahlke, Jörg Lücke | Universität Innsbruck |

## Cite this page

Scholar4AI. (2026). MNIST / Fashion-MNIST. Journal and Conference Research Rankings. Retrieved November 4, 2026, from https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/mnist-fashion-mnist

```bibtex
@misc{scholar4ai-datasets-mnist-fashion-mnist,
  author = {{Scholar4AI}},
  title = {MNIST / Fashion-MNIST},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/mnist-fashion-mnist}},
  urldate = {2026-11-04},
  note = {Journal and Conference Research Rankings; data from OpenAlex (CC0); licensed CC BY-NC 4.0}
}
```

License: CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).