---
title: "Multi-objective test problems (ZDT, DTLZ, WFG)"
description: "From Nov 2023 to Oct 2026, 37 archived papers mentioned Multi-objective test problems (ZDT, DTLZ, WFG) in their title, abstract or keywords (the search of earlier months' full texts is still under way), most of them in Dec 2023 (4)."
url: https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/multi-objective-test-problems-zdt-dtlz-wfg
markdown_url: https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/multi-objective-test-problems-zdt-dtlz-wfg.md
license: CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
share_text: "From Nov 2023 to Oct 2026, 37 archived papers mentioned Multi-objective test problems (ZDT, DTLZ, WFG) in their title, abstract or keywords (the search of earlier months' full texts is still under way), most of them in… (as of 2026-11-05)"
data_url: https://scholar4ai.com/data/rankings.json
updated: 2026-11-05T06:02:37+09:00
window: 2026-10-07 to 2026-11-05
source: OpenAlex (CC0)
---

# Multi-objective test problems (ZDT, DTLZ, WFG)

[Browse dataset profiles](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/directory/page/5.md)

Standard problem instances for routing, scheduling and integer programming, and test functions for metaheuristics.

- data category: Optimization benchmark instances
- 0 papers in the last 7 days
- Names searched for: ZDT, DTLZ, WFG test

Most-used data: https://scholar4ai.com/rankings/datasets.md · All Optimization benchmark instances datasets: https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/optimization-benchmark-instances.md



## Key findings

- From Nov 2023 to Oct 2026, 37 archived papers mentioned Multi-objective test problems (ZDT, DTLZ, WFG) in their title, abstract or keywords (the search of earlier months' full texts is still under way), most of them in Dec 2023 (4).
- Multi-objective test problems (ZDT, DTLZ, WFG) was mentioned in 1 paper in the last 30 days (2026-10-07 to 2026-11-05), ranking #165 of the 246 datasets mentioned.
- By journal category: AI (1).
- Most of them appeared in Swarm and Evolutionary Computation (1).
- From 2017 to 2026 (so far), Multi-objective test problems (ZDT, DTLZ, WFG) was mentioned in 95 papers in the tracked journals, most of them in AI (85), operations research (8) and economics (2).
- 7 of them were published in 2025, against 3 in 2017.
- Since 2023, the institutions with the most of these papers were Taiyuan University of Science and Technology (5), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (2) and Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (2).
- The journals publishing most of them were IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation (8), Expert Systems with Applications (7) and Swarm and Evolutionary Computation (7).
- The most-cited of them is “A New Hypervolume-Based Evolutionary Algorithm for Many-Objective Optimization” (IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 2020), with 141 citations.

## Mentions over 36 months

*Papers mentioning it by publication month, Nov 2023 to Oct 2026 (titles, abstracts and keywords; the full texts of earlier months are still being searched)*

| Trend | Nov 23–Oct 24 | Nov 24–Oct 25 | Nov 25–Oct 26 | 36 months |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|
|  | 20 | 8 | 9 | 37 |

## Papers per year

*Papers per publication year and category*

| Category | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 (so far) |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|
| [AI](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/ai.md) | 3 | 9 | 4 | 12 | 7 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 6 | 6 |
| [Operations Research](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/operations-research.md) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
| [Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/economics.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| All categories | 3 | 10 | 4 | 12 | 8 | 12 | 13 | 18 | 7 | 8 |

## Where the papers come from

*Journals with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Journal | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/ieee-transactions-on-evolutionary-computation.md) | 8 |
| 2 | [Expert Systems with Applications](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/expert-systems-with-applications.md) | 7 |
| 3 | [Swarm and Evolutionary Computation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/swarm-and-evolutionary-computation.md) | 7 |
| 4 | [Information Sciences](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/information-sciences.md) | 6 |
| 5 | [Neural Computing and Applications](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/neural-computing-and-applications.md) | 4 |
| 6 | [Artificial Intelligence Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/artificial-intelligence-review.md) | 2 |
| 7 | [Journal of Global Optimization](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-global-optimization.md) | 2 |
| 8 | [IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/ieee-transactions-on-neural-networks-and-learning-systems.md) | 2 |
| 9 | [Journal of Econometrics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-econometrics.md) | 1 |
| 10 | [Computers & Operations Research](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/computers-operations-research.md) | 1 |

*Institutions with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Institution | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | Taiyuan University of Science and Technology | 5 |
| 2 | [Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/centre-national-de-la-recherche-scientifique.md) | 2 |
| 3 | Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional | 2 |
| 4 | [Jilin University](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/jilin-university.md) | 2 |
| 5 | [Southern University of Science and Technology](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/southern-university-of-science-and-technology.md) | 2 |
| 6 | [Swinburne University of Technology](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/swinburne-university-of-technology.md) | 2 |
| 7 | Tecnológico Nacional de México | 2 |
| 8 | [Tongji University](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/tongji-university.md) | 2 |
| 9 | Torrens University Australia | 2 |
| 10 | Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila | 2 |

*Countries with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Country | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | China | 24 |
| 2 | United Kingdom | 5 |
| 3 | Mexico | 5 |
| 4 | Australia | 4 |
| 5 | Hong Kong | 4 |
| 6 | Germany | 3 |
| 7 | Finland | 3 |
| 8 | South Korea | 3 |
| 9 | France | 2 |
| 10 | India | 2 |

*Keywords with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Keyword | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [multi-objective optimization](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/multi-objective-optimization.md) | 16 |
| 2 | DTLZ test suite | 8 |
| 3 | many-objective optimization | 7 |
| 4 | multi-objective evolutionary algorithms | 7 |
| 5 | Pareto front | 6 |
| 6 | ZDT test functions | 6 |
| 7 | DTLZ benchmark | 5 |
| 8 | surrogate-assisted evolutionary algorithms | 5 |
| 9 | DTLZ test functions | 4 |
| 10 | MOEA/D | 4 |

## Most-cited papers

*Most-cited papers since 2017*

| # | Citations | Per month | Title | Journal | Published | Authors |
|---:|---:|---:|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 141 | 1.7 | [A New Hypervolume-Based Evolutionary Algorithm for Many-Objective Optimization](https://doi.org/10.1109/tevc.2020.2964705) | [IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/ieee-transactions-on-evolutionary-computation.md) | 2020-01-07 | Ke Shang, Hisao Ishibuchi |
| 2 | 117 | 4.8 | [Diffusion Models, Image Super-Resolution, and Everything: A Survey](https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2024.3476671) | [IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/ieee-transactions-on-neural-networks-and-learning-systems.md) | 2024-10-29 | Brian B. Moser, Arundhati S. Shanbhag, Federico Raue et al. |
| 3 | 108 | 1.5 | [A novel Whale Optimization Algorithm integrated with Nelder–Mead simplex for multi-objective optimization problems](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2020.106619) | [Knowledge-Based Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/knowledge-based-systems.md) | 2020-11-28 | Mohamed Abdel‐Basset, Reda Mohamed, Seyedali Mirjalili |
| 4 | 83 | 2.4 | [Hyper-heuristics: A survey and taxonomy](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2023.109815) | [Computers & Industrial Engineering](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/computers-industrial-engineering.md) | 2023-12-04 | Tansel Dökeroğlu, Tayfun Küçükyılmaz, El‐Ghazali Talbi |
| 5 | 61 | 1.2 | [An improved NSGA-III algorithm based on distance dominance relation for many-objective optimization](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2022.117738) | [Expert Systems with Applications](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/expert-systems-with-applications.md) | 2022-06-09 | Qinghua Gu, Qingsong Xu, Xuexian Li |

## Papers

*Papers mentioning Multi-objective test problems (ZDT, DTLZ, WFG) in the last 30 days, newest first.*

| Date | Title | Journal | Authors | Affiliations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-10-23 | [Thermodynamically governed unified optimisation: Regime dependence across scalar, multimodal, and multiobjective search](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swevo.2026.102586) | [Swarm and Evolutionary Computation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/swarm-and-evolutionary-computation.md) | Krishnan Batri, G. Geetha, Lakshmi S | Sharda University |

## Cite this page

Scholar4AI. (2026). Multi-objective test problems (ZDT, DTLZ, WFG). Journal and Conference Research Rankings. Retrieved November 5, 2026, from https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/multi-objective-test-problems-zdt-dtlz-wfg

```bibtex
@misc{scholar4ai-datasets-multi-objective-test-problems-zdt-dtlz-wfg,
  author = {{Scholar4AI}},
  title = {Multi-objective test problems (ZDT, DTLZ, WFG)},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/multi-objective-test-problems-zdt-dtlz-wfg}},
  urldate = {2026-11-05},
  note = {Journal and Conference Research Rankings; data from OpenAlex (CC0); licensed CC BY-NC 4.0}
}
```

License: CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).