---
title: "Bootstrap: formula, variables and example"
description: "Bootstrap explained: variables, a worked example, related methods and assumptions. Estimates uncertainty by re-estimating on samples drawn with replacement from the data."
url: https://scholar4ai.com/equations/bootstrap
markdown_url: https://scholar4ai.com/equations/bootstrap.md
license: CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
share_text: "Bootstrap explained: variables, a worked example, related methods and assumptions. Estimates uncertainty by re-estimating on samples drawn with replacement from the data. (as of 2026-11-05)"
data_url: https://scholar4ai.com/data/rankings.json
updated: 2026-11-05T06:02:37+09:00
window: 2026-10-07 to 2026-11-05
source: OpenAlex (CC0)
---

# Bootstrap

$$
\widehat{se}_B = \sqrt{\frac{1}{B - 1}\sum_{b=1}^{B} \big(\hat\theta^{*b} - \bar\theta^{*}\big)^2}
$$

Estimates uncertainty by re-estimating on samples drawn with replacement from the data.

- area: Statistics and Bayesian methods
- 5 papers in the last 7 days
- Names searched for: bootstrap method, bootstrap resampling, bootstrapped standard error, bootstrap confidence interval, wild bootstrap, bootstrap procedure

Back to the ranking: https://scholar4ai.com/rankings/equations.md

## Variables and notation

theta-hat* b is an estimate from bootstrap resample b, theta-bar* their average and B the number of resamples; se-hat_B is their sample standard deviation.

## Worked example

For resampled estimates (1,2,3), mean=2 and estimated standard error=sqrt((1+0+1)/(3−1))=1.

## Related methods and when to use them

Bootstrap estimates sampling uncertainty by resampling; a parametric standard error uses analytic/model assumptions. Time series and clustered data need resampling that preserves dependence; three draws illustrate arithmetic, not reliable inference.

## Sources and further reading

- [Efron (1979), Bootstrap Methods: Another Look at the Jackknife](https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176344552)

Examples use illustrative inputs, not observed research results. Logarithms are natural unless stated otherwise. Guide updated 2026-11-05. Prepared by Scholar4AI. [Editorial and verification policy](/editorial-policy).

## Key findings

- Bootstrap was mentioned in 59 papers in the last 30 days (2026-10-07 to 2026-11-05), ranking #17 of the 248 equations and models mentioned.
- By journal category: Economics (10), Statistics (10), Operations Research (9), Finance (8), AI (6), Management (4), Tourism and Hospitality (3), Information Systems (3), Health Economics and Policy (2), Marketing (2) and Higher Education and Research (2).
- Most of them appeared in Research in Transportation Business & Management (3), Annals of Operations Research (2) and Energy Policy (2).
- Often mentioned together with Instrumental variables (two-stage least squares) (11), Structural equation modeling (SEM) (10) and Maximum likelihood estimation (9).
- Datasets named in the same papers: Eurostat (3), LinkedIn (3) and World Development Indicators (World Bank) (2).
- From Nov 2023 to Oct 2026, 1,249 archived papers mentioned Bootstrap in their title, abstract or keywords (the search of earlier months' full texts is still under way), most of them in Sep 2026 (91).
- From 2017 to 2026 (so far), Bootstrap was mentioned in 1,457 papers in the tracked journals, most of them in economics (405), statistics (332) and finance (167).
- 337 of them were published in 2025, against 30 in 2017.
- Since 2023, the institutions with the most of these papers were Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (22), IZA - Institute of Labor Economics (21) and Monash University (21).
- The journals publishing most of them were Journal of Econometrics (55), Statistics and Computing (38) and International Review of Economics & Finance (36).
- The most-cited of them is “Multiple hypothesis testing in experimental economics” (Experimental Economics, 2019), with 465 citations.

## Mentions over 36 months

*Papers mentioning it by publication month, Nov 2023 to Oct 2026 (titles, abstracts and keywords; the full texts of earlier months are still being searched)*

| Trend | Nov 23–Oct 24 | Nov 24–Oct 25 | Nov 25–Oct 26 | 36 months |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|
|  | 323 | 326 | 600 | 1,249 |

## Papers per year

*Papers per publication year and category*

| Category | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 (so far) |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|
| [Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/economics.md) | 4 | 4 | 10 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 35 | 110 | 107 | 126 |
| [Statistics](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/statistics.md) | 21 | 15 | 15 | 12 | 9 | 18 | 26 | 59 | 72 | 85 |
| [Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/finance.md) | 3 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 34 | 33 | 85 |
| [Management](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/management.md) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 46 | 31 | 55 |
| [AI](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/ai.md) | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 15 | 30 | 53 |
| [Operations Research](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/operations-research.md) | 0 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 19 | 22 | 47 |
| [Health Economics and Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/health-economics-and-policy.md) | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 16 | 20 | 20 |
| [Marketing](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/marketing.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 5 | 15 |
| [Information Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/information-systems.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 5 | 15 |
| [Tourism and Hospitality](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/tourism-and-hospitality.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 19 |
| [Higher Education and Research](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/higher-education-and-research.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 15 |
| [Accounting](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/accounting.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 |
| All categories | 30 | 25 | 38 | 23 | 19 | 30 | 97 | 318 | 337 | 540 |

## Where the papers come from

*Journals with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Journal | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [Journal of Econometrics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-econometrics.md) | 55 |
| 2 | [Statistics and Computing](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/statistics-and-computing.md) | 38 |
| 3 | [International Review of Economics & Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics-finance.md) | 36 |
| 4 | [Future Business Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/future-business-journal.md) | 22 |
| 5 | [Statistical Papers](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/statistical-papers.md) | 21 |
| 6 | [Journal of Innovation & Knowledge](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-innovation-knowledge.md) | 21 |
| 7 | [Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-economic-behavior-organization.md) | 20 |
| 8 | [Annals of Operations Research](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/annals-of-operations-research.md) | 20 |
| 9 | [Computational Statistics & Data Analysis](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/computational-statistics-data-analysis.md) | 19 |
| 10 | [Statistical Methods & Applications](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/statistical-methods-applications.md) | 19 |

*Institutions with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Institution | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/centre-national-de-la-recherche-scientifique.md) | 22 |
| 2 | [IZA - Institute of Labor Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/iza-institute-of-labor-economics.md) | 21 |
| 3 | [Monash University](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/monash-university.md) | 21 |
| 4 | [Erasmus University Rotterdam](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/erasmus-university-rotterdam.md) | 17 |
| 5 | [KU Leuven](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/ku-leuven.md) | 17 |
| 6 | [Sapienza University of Rome](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/sapienza-university-of-rome.md) | 14 |
| 7 | [University of Padua](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/university-of-padua.md) | 14 |
| 8 | [Durham University](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/durham-university.md) | 13 |
| 9 | [London School of Economics and Political Science](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/london-school-of-economics-and-political-science.md) | 13 |
| 10 | TU Dortmund University | 13 |

*Countries with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Country | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | United States | 221 |
| 2 | United Kingdom | 206 |
| 3 | Germany | 172 |
| 4 | China | 170 |
| 5 | Italy | 145 |
| 6 | Spain | 121 |
| 7 | Australia | 81 |
| 8 | Netherlands | 63 |
| 9 | France | 62 |
| 10 | Canada | 41 |

*Keywords with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Keyword | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [COVID-19 pandemic](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/covid-19-pandemic.md) | 42 |
| 2 | wild bootstrap | 32 |
| 3 | bootstrapping | 29 |
| 4 | confidence intervals | 26 |
| 5 | [China](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/china.md) | 25 |
| 6 | bootstrap confidence intervals | 25 |
| 7 | [random forest](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/random-forest.md) | 20 |
| 8 | [mediating effect](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/mediating-effect.md) | 19 |
| 9 | [asymptotic distribution](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/asymptotic-distribution.md) | 18 |
| 10 | [asymptotic properties](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/asymptotic-properties.md) | 18 |

## Most-cited papers

*Most-cited papers since 2017*

| # | Citations | Per month | Title | Journal | Published | Authors |
|---:|---:|---:|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 465 | 5.0 | [Multiple hypothesis testing in experimental economics](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10683-018-09597-5) | [Experimental Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/experimental-economics.md) | 2019-01-29 | John A. List, Azeem M. Shaikh, Yang Xu |
| 2 | 322 | 3.9 | [The influence of social capital and entrepreneurial attitude orientation on entrepreneurial intentions: the mediating role of psychological capital](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2019.12.005) | [European Research on Management and Business Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/european-research-on-management-and-business-economics.md) | 2019-12-30 | Tuatul Mahfud, Mochamad Bruri Triyono, Putu Sudira et al. |
| 3 | 264 | 7.9 | [Importance and performance in PLS-SEM and NCA: Introducing the combined importance-performance map analysis (cIPMA)](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2024.103723) | [Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-retailing-and-consumer-services.md) | 2024-01-23 | Sven Hauff, Nicole Richter, Marko Sarstedt et al. |
| 4 | 214 | 2.1 | [Bootstrapping the out-of-sample predictions for efficient and accurate cross-validation](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-018-5714-4) | [Machine Learning](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/machine-learning.md) | 2018-05-09 | Ioannis Tsamardinos, Elissavet Greasidou, Giorgos Borboudakis |
| 5 | 181 | 6.4 | [Digital infrastructure and innovation: Digital divide or digital dividend?](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100542) | [Journal of Innovation & Knowledge](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-innovation-knowledge.md) | 2024-07-01 | Zhuo-Ya Du, Qian Wang |
| 6 | 176 | 5.6 | [A review of predictive uncertainty estimation with machine learning](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-023-10698-8) | [Artificial Intelligence Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/artificial-intelligence-review.md) | 2024-03-18 | Hristos Tyralis, Georgia Papacharalampous |
| 7 | 171 | 1.8 | [Intuitionistic Fuzzy Twin Support Vector Machines](https://doi.org/10.1109/tfuzz.2019.2893863) | [IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/ieee-transactions-on-fuzzy-systems.md) | 2019-01-17 | Salim Rezvani, Xizhao Wang, Farhad Pourpanah |
| 8 | 158 | 1.6 | [Two-stage estimation of the impact of contextual variables in stochastic frontier production function models using Data Envelopment Analysis: Second stage OLS versus bootstrap approaches](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2018.10.050) | [European Journal of Operational Research](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/european-journal-of-operational-research.md) | 2018-11-06 | Rajiv D. Banker, Ram Natarajan, Daqun Zhang |
| 9 | 146 | 1.3 | [A heteroskedasticity robust Breusch–Pagan test for Contemporaneous correlation in dynamic panel data models](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2016.12.005) | [Journal of Econometrics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-econometrics.md) | 2017-03-02 | Andreea G. Halunga, Chris D. Orme, Takashi Yamagata |
| 10 | 135 | 4.3 | [Machine learning with a reject option: a survey](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-024-06534-x) | [Machine Learning](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/machine-learning.md) | 2024-03-29 | Kilian Hendrickx, Lorenzo Perini, Dries Van der Plas et al. |

Archive counts by publication year: a paper counts when its title, abstract or keywords name the equation, or when OpenAlex's full-text search finds it there (searched for the last 30 days' papers and, by a pass over the past years, for older ones). Names added to the list later are looked for in older papers as the archive is read again.

*Papers mentioning Bootstrap, newest first. Newest 50 of 59 papers; all of them are in /data/papers.json.*

| Date | Title | Journal | Authors | Affiliations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-11-02 | [The mining channel of climate-induced international migration in Latin America: instrumental-variable evidence and a comparison with agriculture](https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-026-00713-z) | [Mineral Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/mineral-economics.md) | Troncoso Pedro, Viviana P. Fernandez | Universidad de Antofagasta; Adolfo Ibáñez University |
| 2026-10-31 | [Mapping the beyond GDP field: Canonical concentration and insular invisibility in three decades of multidimensional prosperity measurement (1995–2026)](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2026.109290) | [Ecological Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/ecological-economics.md) | Emilio Bonal, Serafin Corral | Universidad de La Laguna |
| 2026-10-30 | [Differentiated port fees and efficiency: evidence from Sino–U.S. liner shipping](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2026.105332) | [Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/transportation-research-part-a-policy-and-practice.md) | Kevin X. Li, Xinping Zhao, YE Guanqiong et al. | Zhejiang University; Beijing Normal-Hong Kong Baptist University |
| 2026-10-30 | [Context-dependent belief channels in eVTOL service deployment: Evidence from tourism, emergency medical services and logistics](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2026.101935) | [Research in Transportation Business & Management](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/research-in-transportation-business-management.md) | Xin Zhang, Mengjie Jin, Zhuo Chen et al. | Chung-Ang University; Nanjing University of Finance and Economics; Shandong University |
| 2026-10-30 | [Ordered Weighted Average Life Expectancy](https://doi.org/10.1007/s43069-026-00708-0) | [Operations Research Forum](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/operations-research-forum.md) | Hadeel S. Baraheem, José M. Merigó | University of Technology Sydney; King Abdulaziz University |
| 2026-10-29 | [A simulation-driven approach to last-mile logistics analysis considering microlevel operational sequences for efficient delivery planning](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-026-07429-x) | [Annals of Operations Research](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/annals-of-operations-research.md) | Shamimur Rahman, Dana Zamorano, Tzu‐Liang Bill Tseng et al. | The University of Texas at El Paso; North Carolina State University |
| 2026-10-29 | [Beyond the campervan lifestyle: A social cartography of contemporary campervan tourism](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2026.101117) | [Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-outdoor-recreation-and-tourism.md) | Angelo Salento, Serena Arima, Vincenzo Latronico et al. | University of Salento |
| 2026-10-29 | [ADS-B-enhanced operational benchmarking of airport arrival performance: A DEA-based application to selected Turkish airports](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2026.101926) | [Research in Transportation Business & Management](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/research-in-transportation-business-management.md) | Enes Ozcelik | Eskisehir Technical University |
| 2026-10-28 | [German farmers' preferences for peatland rewetting schemes: Autonomy, flexibility and institutional trust](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2026.108407) | [Land Use Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/land-use-policy.md) | Marius Michels, Oliver Mußhoff | University of Göttingen; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin |
| 2026-10-28 | [Do charging infrastructure and electric vehicle adoption drive each other? The limits of time-series evidence for policy in an emerging electromobility market](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2026.115695) | [Energy Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/energy-policy.md) | Sebastian Szymon Grzesiak | Wroclaw University of Economics and Business |
| 2026-10-27 | [Pledging patents for ESG: Evidence from China's listed companies](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105987) | [International Review of Economics & Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics-finance.md) | Ruoyu Zhu, Qipo Wang, Xiaohui Xin | Tsinghua University; Shandong University of Finance and Economics; Beijing Jiaotong University |
| 2026-10-27 | [Calibrated agents as market makers: automated liquidity provision for long-tail prediction markets](https://doi.org/10.1007/s42521-026-00233-z) | [Digital Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/digital-finance.md) | Nihar Shah |  |
| 2026-10-26 | [Psychological capital, workplace well-being, and operational resilience as drivers of sustainable air transport management: Evidence from commercial aviation pilots](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2026.101900) | [Research in Transportation Business & Management](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/research-in-transportation-business-management.md) | Chao Wang, Xi Zhou, Juanjuan Zhai et al. | Huanghe Jiaotong University; Shanghai University |
| 2026-10-26 | [Creative project teams’ adaptive responses to task alterations at different points in time](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-026-10163-7) | [Journal of Business and Psychology](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-business-and-psychology.md) | A Richter, M Baer | University of Cambridge; Washington University in St. Louis |
| 2026-10-26 | [Unbiased estimation of normalized scale-invariant indices under the Gamma distribution](https://doi.org/10.1007/s41237-026-00322-8) | [Behaviormetrika](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/behaviormetrika.md) | Roberto Vila, Helton Saulo, Felipe Sousa Quintino | Universidade de Brasília; Universidade Federal de Pelotas |
| 2026-10-25 | [Factor momentum and stock momentum in the UK: Spanning and its limits](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2026.110991) | [Finance research letters](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/finance-research-letters.md) | James Foye | Birmingham City University |
| 2026-10-25 | [Matching-based estimation of causal quantile exposure response functions for continuous treatments](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11222-026-11016-2) | [Statistics and Computing](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/statistics-and-computing.md) | Luca Merlo, Francesca Dominici, Lea Petrella et al. | Link Campus University; Harvard University; Sapienza University of Rome; … |
| 2026-10-24 | [PF-Mamba-UNet: An Anatomical-Prior-Guided Medical Image Segmentation Network Based on Mamba and Spatial-Channel Collaborative Attention Fusion](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-026-10667-7) | [Cognitive Computation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/cognitive-computation.md) | Leyi Xiao, Kangshun Liao, Baoxian Zhou et al. | Hainan University |
| 2026-10-24 | [Coal subsidies and long-term contract pricing: a perspective from factor marketization reforms](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2026.115678) | [Energy Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/energy-policy.md) | Xiaofei Wang, Nan Liu, Kuijian Qu et al. | Shandong Institute of Business and Technology; Hunan Normal University; Key Laboratory of Computing and Stochastic Mathematics (Ministry of Education) |
| 2026-10-24 | [The impact of labor reactivation on employability and well-being: an RCT with Red Cross Spain](https://doi.org/10.1007/s13209-026-00353-0) | [SERIEs](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/series.md) | Veronica Gonzales Stuva, Yanina Domenella, Pedro Rey‐Biel | Esade; Universitat Ramon Llull; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid |
| 2026-10-23 | [Goodness-of-fit testing via linear combinations of degenerate V-statistics](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00184-026-01054-1) | [Metrika](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/metrika.md) | Katarina Halaj Mileusnić, Bojana Milošević, Marko Obradović | University of Belgrade |
| 2026-10-22 | [Do long-term yields help to estimate short-term risk premia?](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2026.104386) | [Journal of Financial Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-financial-economics.md) | Andrea Berardi, Roger Brown, Stephen M. Schaefer | Ca' Foscari University of Venice; London Business School |
| 2026-10-22 | [Turning adversity into opportunity: Managerial interventions and employee responses to observed customer mistreatment](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2026.104939) | [International Journal of Hospitality Management](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-journal-of-hospitality-management.md) | Xiaowen Hu, Hongmin Yan, Siran Zhan | Queensland University of Technology; University of Manchester; Aston University; … |
| 2026-10-21 | [Individual Resilience as Human Capital Stock: Neighborhood Social Capital, Environmental Perceptions, and Dynamic Pathways Across COVID-19 Phases](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11067-026-09795-2) | [Networks and Spatial Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/networks-and-spatial-economics.md) | Rui Sun, Yiming Wang | University of Bristol; University College London |
| 2026-10-21 | [When bargaining power matters: foreign direct investment and bilateral GDP disparities](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-026-02990-7) | [Empirical Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/empirical-economics.md) | Xing Xu, Emin Gahramanov, Qinglai Meng et al. | Shanghai Institute of Technology; American University of Sharjah; Oregon State University; … |
| 2026-10-21 | [International comparisons of institutions and innovation: Assessing the role of institutional coherence](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2026.101425) | [Journal of International Management](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-international-management.md) | Drew Woodhouse, Andrew Johnston | Sheffield Hallam University; University of Huddersfield; Lund University |
| 2026-10-20 | [Economic evaluation of the Be-Prox anti-bullying intervention in Norwegian early childhood education and care settings: an exploratory partial within-trial cost-effectiveness analysis alongside a cluster randomised controlled trial](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12962-026-00854-6) | [Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/cost-effectiveness-and-resource-allocation.md) | Renira C. Angeles, Ingrid Kvestad, Merete Aasheim et al. | NORCE Research AS; UiT The Arctic University of Norway |
| 2026-10-19 | [Energy equity under crisis pricing: the vulnerability-responsiveness paradox in Norwegian residential electricity consumption during the European energy crisis](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2026.102356) | [Utilities Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/utilities-policy.md) | Seyed‐Ali Sadegh‐Zadeh, Murouj Aljamaeen, Mohammad Amin Barati et al. | University of Staffordshire; University of Tehran; University of Essex |
| 2026-10-19 | [Reusability report: multi-sample omics network inference operates in distinct robustness regimes defined by prior knowledge and data availability](https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-026-01311-y) | [Nature Machine Intelligence](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/nature-machine-intelligence.md) | Xabier Martinez‐de‐Morentin, Sameer Ahmad Khan, Itziar Cenzano et al. | King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Ilia State University; Karolinska University Hospital; … |
| 2026-10-19 | [Cryptocurrency and initial trust formation: an empirical investigation into the dynamics of willingness to use in financial transactions](https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-026-00926-9) | [Financial Innovation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/financial-innovation.md) | Ahmed Geebren | Tobruk University |
| 2026-10-19 | [From Forest to Market: Sustainability Signals and Consumer Decision-Making for Amazonian Products](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10603-026-09634-4) | [Journal of Consumer Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-consumer-policy.md) | Gabriela Nobre Dias, Ingrid Moons, Kavita Miadaira Hamza et al. | University of Antwerp; Universidade de São Paulo |
| 2026-10-18 | [Reproducible LLM-based measurement depends on the serving stack](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2026.110909) | [Finance research letters](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/finance-research-letters.md) | Hsiang-Chieh Yang | Augusta University |
| 2026-10-17 | [AGraphHF: Adversarial graph-based multimodal learning for heart failure risk prediction](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artmed.2026.103547) | [Artificial Intelligence in Medicine](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/artificial-intelligence-in-medicine.md) | Mamo Tadiyos Hailemichael, Mohammed Hasanuzzaman, Hui Wang et al. | Queen's University Belfast; Munster Technological University; University of Cambridge |
| 2026-10-16 | [Customer complaint analytics in digital financial services: temporal prediction of untimely responses and capacity-aware prioritization](https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-026-01021-2) | [Future Business Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/future-business-journal.md) | Jinho Cha, Lam Trong Vu, Thanh-Tung Nguyen et al. | Gwinnett Technical College; CMC University; Texas A&M University – Corpus Christi |
| 2026-10-16 | [Detecting change points in the hemodynamic response in event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2026.108484) | [Computational Statistics & Data Analysis](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/computational-statistics-data-analysis.md) | Friederike Preusse, Thorsten Dickhaus, André Brechmann | University of Bremen; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology |
| 2026-10-15 | [Integrated cognitive processing model of phishing detection: Mood state as moderating factor in the mindful cognition mediated detection process](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2026.103143) | [International Journal of Information Management](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-journal-of-information-management.md) | Debalina Bera, Arindam Majumder, Dan Jong Kim | University of North Carolina at Greensboro; University of North Texas |
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## Cite this page

Scholar4AI. (2026). Bootstrap. Journal and Conference Research Rankings. Retrieved November 5, 2026, from https://scholar4ai.com/equations/bootstrap

```bibtex
@misc{scholar4ai-equations-bootstrap,
  author = {{Scholar4AI}},
  title = {Bootstrap},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://scholar4ai.com/equations/bootstrap}},
  urldate = {2026-11-05},
  note = {Journal and Conference Research Rankings; data from OpenAlex (CC0); licensed CC BY-NC 4.0}
}
```

License: CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).