---
title: "Composite reliability: formula, variables and example"
description: "Composite reliability explained: variables, a worked example, related methods and assumptions. Reliability of a construct from its indicators' loadings, used with structural equation models."
url: https://scholar4ai.com/equations/composite-reliability
markdown_url: https://scholar4ai.com/equations/composite-reliability.md
license: CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
share_text: "Composite reliability explained: variables, a worked example, related methods and assumptions. Reliability of a construct from its indicators' loadings, used with structural equation models. (as of 2026-11-05)"
data_url: https://scholar4ai.com/data/rankings.json
updated: 2026-11-05T06:02:37+09:00
window: 2026-10-07 to 2026-11-05
source: OpenAlex (CC0)
---

# Composite reliability

$$
CR = \frac{(\sum_i \lambda_i)^2}{(\sum_i \lambda_i)^2 + \sum_i \operatorname{Var}(\varepsilon_i)}
$$

Reliability of a construct from its indicators' loadings, used with structural equation models.

- area: Measurement reliability and validity
- 0 papers in the last 7 days
- Names searched for: composite reliability

Back to the ranking: https://scholar4ai.com/rankings/equations.md

## Variables and notation

lambda_i are factor loadings and Var(epsilon_i) indicator-error variances; CR is reliability of the weighted measurement construction shown.

## Worked example

For loadings (0.8,0.6) and error variances (0.36,0.64), CR=1.4²/(1.4²+1)=1.96/2.96≈0.662162.

## Related methods and when to use them

Composite reliability permits unequal loadings; alpha has stronger equivalence assumptions for its usual interpretation. This form assumes a single factor and uncorrelated measurement errors; standardized and unstandardized inputs must not be mixed.

## Sources and further reading

- [On the evaluation of structural equation models](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02723327)

Examples use illustrative inputs, not observed research results. Logarithms are natural unless stated otherwise. Guide updated 2026-11-05. Prepared by Scholar4AI. [Editorial and verification policy](/editorial-policy).

## Key findings

- Composite reliability was mentioned in 36 papers in the last 30 days (2026-10-07 to 2026-11-05), ranking #42 of the 248 equations and models mentioned.
- By journal category: Management (12), Marketing (8), Information Systems (5), Operations Research (3), Finance (2), Tourism and Hospitality (2), Economics (1), Health Economics and Policy (1), Higher Education and Research (1) and AI (1).
- Most of them appeared in Future Business Journal (5), Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services (3) and Corporate Reputation Review (2).
- Often mentioned together with Structural equation modeling (SEM) (35), Average variance extracted (AVE) (28) and Cronbach's alpha (27).
- Datasets named in the same papers: Facebook (4), LinkedIn (3) and Eurostat (3).
- From Nov 2023 to Oct 2026, 1,303 archived papers mentioned Composite reliability in their title, abstract, keywords or full text, most of them in Jul 2026 (82).
- From 2017 to 2026 (so far), Composite reliability was mentioned in 1,336 papers in the tracked journals, most of them in management (662), marketing (133) and higher education and research (133).
- 385 of them were published in 2025, against 2 in 2017.
- Since 2023, the institutions with the most of these papers were University of Birmingham (32), University of Johannesburg (28) and University of Vaasa (24).
- The journals publishing most of them were Future Business Journal (163), Journal of Innovation & Knowledge (75) and Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (58).
- The most-cited of them is “CB-SEM vs PLS-SEM methods for research in social sciences and technology forecasting” (Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2021), with 2,497 citations.

## Mentions over 36 months

*Papers mentioning it by publication month, Nov 2023 to Oct 2026 (titles, abstracts, keywords and full texts)*

| Trend | Nov 23–Oct 24 | Nov 24–Oct 25 | Nov 25–Oct 26 | 36 months |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|
|  | 374 | 410 | 519 | 1,303 |

## Papers per year

*Papers per publication year and category*

| Category | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 (so far) |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|
| [Management](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/management.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 48 | 176 | 210 | 227 |
| [Marketing](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/marketing.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 45 | 25 | 55 |
| [Higher Education and Research](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/higher-education-and-research.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 40 | 47 | 40 |
| [Information Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/information-systems.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 34 | 26 | 46 |
| [Tourism and Hospitality](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/tourism-and-hospitality.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 15 | 18 | 41 |
| [Operations Research](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/operations-research.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 15 | 16 | 17 |
| [Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/economics.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 13 | 12 | 15 |
| [Health Economics and Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/health-economics-and-policy.md) | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 9 | 12 | 5 |
| [Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/finance.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 12 |
| [Statistics](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/statistics.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 11 |
| [Accounting](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/accounting.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 9 |
| [AI](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/ai.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 6 |
| All categories | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 92 | 361 | 385 | 484 |

## Where the papers come from

*Journals with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Journal | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [Future Business Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/future-business-journal.md) | 163 |
| 2 | [Journal of Innovation & Knowledge](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-innovation-knowledge.md) | 75 |
| 3 | [Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-innovation-and-entrepreneurship.md) | 58 |
| 4 | [Journal of Business Research](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-business-research.md) | 55 |
| 5 | [Education and Information Technologies](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/education-and-information-technologies.md) | 50 |
| 6 | [International Journal of Hospitality Management](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-journal-of-hospitality-management.md) | 42 |
| 7 | [Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-retailing-and-consumer-services.md) | 35 |
| 8 | [Technological Forecasting and Social Change](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/technological-forecasting-and-social-change.md) | 31 |
| 9 | [Review of Managerial Science](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/review-of-managerial-science.md) | 30 |
| 10 | [International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-entrepreneurship-and-management-journal.md) | 29 |

*Institutions with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Institution | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [University of Birmingham](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/university-of-birmingham.md) | 32 |
| 2 | [University of Johannesburg](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/university-of-johannesburg.md) | 28 |
| 3 | [University of Vaasa](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/university-of-vaasa.md) | 24 |
| 4 | [Universitat de València](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/universitat-de-valencia.md) | 20 |
| 5 | [Universidad de Granada](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/universidad-de-granada.md) | 18 |
| 6 | [Lancaster University](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/lancaster-university.md) | 16 |
| 7 | Sunway University | 16 |
| 8 | [University of Reading](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/university-of-reading.md) | 14 |
| 9 | Nottingham Trent University | 13 |
| 10 | University of Beira Interior | 13 |

*Countries with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Country | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | United Kingdom | 296 |
| 2 | Spain | 150 |
| 3 | China | 149 |
| 4 | United States | 109 |
| 5 | Australia | 107 |
| 6 | India | 93 |
| 7 | Germany | 84 |
| 8 | Malaysia | 76 |
| 9 | Italy | 71 |
| 10 | Finland | 66 |

*Keywords with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Keyword | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [mediating effect](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/mediating-effect.md) | 89 |
| 2 | [small and medium-sized enterprises](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/small-and-medium-sized-enterprises.md) | 87 |
| 3 | [moderating effect](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/moderating-effect.md) | 81 |
| 4 | [dynamic capabilities](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/dynamic-capabilities.md) | 72 |
| 5 | [perceived usefulness](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/perceived-usefulness.md) | 62 |
| 6 | [technology acceptance](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/technology-acceptance.md) | 61 |
| 7 | [behavioral intention](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/behavioral-intention.md) | 60 |
| 8 | [technology adoption](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/technology-adoption.md) | 58 |
| 9 | [theory of planned behavior](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/theory-of-planned-behavior.md) | 57 |
| 10 | [digital transformation](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/digital-transformation.md) | 55 |

## Most-cited papers

*Most-cited papers since 2017*

| # | Citations | Per month | Title | Journal | Published | Authors |
|---:|---:|---:|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2,497 | 39.7 | [CB-SEM vs PLS-SEM methods for research in social sciences and technology forecasting](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121092) | [Technological Forecasting and Social Change](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/technological-forecasting-and-social-change.md) | 2021-08-09 | Ganesh Dash, Justin Paul |
| 2 | 476 | 13.5 | [Students’ Acceptance of ChatGPT in Higher Education: An Extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10755-023-09686-1) | [Innovative Higher Education](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/innovative-higher-education.md) | 2023-11-30 | Artur Strzelecki |
| 3 | 399 | 12.7 | [Drivers of generative AI adoption in higher education through the lens of the Theory of Planned Behaviour](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2024.102521) | [Technology in Society](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/technology-in-society.md) | 2024-03-25 | Stanislav Hristov Ivanov, Mohammad S.A. Soliman, Aarni Tuomi et al. |
| 4 | 304 | 9.7 | [The key role of innovation and organizational resilience in improving business performance: A mixed-methods approach](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2024.102777) | [International Journal of Information Management](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-journal-of-information-management.md) | 2024-03-23 | Aurora Garrido‐Moreno, Rodrigo Martín‐Rojas, Victor Jesús García Morales |
| 5 | 273 | 10.0 | [ChatGPT awareness, acceptance, and adoption in higher education: the role of trust as a cornerstone](https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-024-00478-x) | [International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-journal-of-educational-technology-in-higher-education.md) | 2024-07-30 | Muhammad Farrukh Shahzad, Shuo Xu, Iqra Javed |
| 6 | 264 | 7.9 | [Importance and performance in PLS-SEM and NCA: Introducing the combined importance-performance map analysis (cIPMA)](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2024.103723) | [Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-retailing-and-consumer-services.md) | 2024-01-23 | Sven Hauff, Nicole Richter, Marko Sarstedt et al. |
| 7 | 247 | 7.3 | [Students' digital technology attitude, literacy and self-efficacy and their effect on online learning engagement](https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-023-00437-y) | [International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-journal-of-educational-technology-in-higher-education.md) | 2024-01-14 | Seyum Tekeher Getenet, Robert Cantle, Petrea Redmond et al. |
| 8 | 239 | 7.7 | [Examining artificial intelligence literacy among pre-service teachers for future classrooms](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2024.100179) | [Computers and Education Open](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/computers-and-education-open.md) | 2024-04-10 | Musa Adekunle Ayanwale, Owolabi Paul Adelana, Rethabile Rosemary Molefi et al. |
| 9 | 210 | 6.1 | [Green knowledge management: A key driver of green technology innovation and sustainable performance in the construction organizations](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2023.100455) | [Journal of Innovation & Knowledge](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-innovation-knowledge.md) | 2023-12-22 | Ali Khan, Khalid Mehmood, Ho Kwong Kwan |
| 10 | 192 | 5.5 | [An expectancy value theory (EVT) based instrument for measuring student perceptions of generative AI](https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00284-4) | [Smart Learning Environments](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/smart-learning-environments.md) | 2023-12-07 | Cecilia Ka Yuk Chan, Wenxin Zhou |

Archive counts by publication year: a paper counts when its title, abstract or keywords name the equation, or when OpenAlex's full-text search finds it there (searched for the last 30 days' papers and, by a pass over the past years, for older ones). Names added to the list later are looked for in older papers as the archive is read again.

*Papers mentioning Composite reliability, newest first.*

| Date | Title | Journal | Authors | Affiliations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-10-29 | [FinTech adoption and perceived banking performance in emerging Asian economies: Regional heterogeneity in managerial perceptions across Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Indonesia](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.106006) | [International Review of Economics & Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics-finance.md) | Samir Alamad | Coventry University |
| 2026-10-29 | [Measuring conscious capitalism practices: development and validation of a scale](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12232-026-00556-8) | [International Review of Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics.md) | Ronaldo de Lucio, Maria Luísa Mendes Teixeira, Isabel Cristina Panziera Marques | Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie; São Paulo State Technological College; University of Lisbon; … |
| 2026-10-28 | [Corporate Digital Responsibility Communication, Stakeholder Engagement, and Public Trust in AI: The Mediating Roles of Bias Remediation and Organizational Responsiveness](https://doi.org/10.1057/s41299-026-00280-7) | [Corporate Reputation Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/corporate-reputation-review.md) | Joon Soo Lim, Chunsik Lee, Junga Kim et al. | Syracuse University; University of North Florida; Texas Tech University |
| 2026-10-28 | [Interactive augmented packaging: A cross-cultural study of adaptive packaging, consumer engagement, and purchase intentions](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2026.105169) | [Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-retailing-and-consumer-services.md) | Chen Su, Xuejiao Wang, Mei-ling Soong | Ningbo City College of Vocational Technology; Wuhan University |
| 2026-10-27 | [The evolving role of organisational foresight: Implications for the food service industry](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2026.124921) | [Technological Forecasting and Social Change](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/technological-forecasting-and-social-change.md) | Rogério João Lunkes, Daiane Antonini Bortoluzzi, Lorenzo Compagnucci et al. | Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso; University of Macerata |
| 2026-10-27 | [The customer is always king! Exploring how service experiences, identity fit, and social media shape customer satisfaction and loyalty in the café sector](https://doi.org/10.1057/s41270-026-00553-4) | [Journal of Marketing Analytics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-marketing-analytics.md) | Tat‐Huei Cham, Boon Liat Cheng, Wang Bo et al. | Asia Pacific University of Technology & Innovation; Văn Hiến University; MILA University; … |
| 2026-10-26 | [It is all about digitalization: investigating antecedents and effects of digital transformation](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-026-10401-3) | [The Journal of Technology Transfer](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/the-journal-of-technology-transfer.md) | Slawka Jordanow, Elena Denzer, Sven Heidenreich et al. | Saarland University; Frankfurt School of Finance & Management; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR) |
| 2026-10-25 | [From consumer skepticism to voluntary simplicity: understanding the drivers of reduced consumption in an emerging economy](https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-026-01028-9) | [Future Business Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/future-business-journal.md) | Iftikhar Ahmad, Sabah Younus, Muhammad Awais Khalid et al. | National College of Business Administration and Economics; National University of Modern Languages; NFC Institute of Engineering and Technology |
| 2026-10-23 | [What drives microfinance adoption among rural MSMES? a configurational FSQCA approach](https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-026-01031-0) | [Future Business Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/future-business-journal.md) | Jaratin Lily, Mori Kogid, Debbra Toria Nipo et al. | Universiti of Malaysia Sabah; Universiti Teknologi MARA |
| 2026-10-22 | [How IT Architecture Flexibility and Governance Decentralization Shape Digital Transformation Capabilities](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-026-10832-1) | [Information Systems Frontiers](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/information-systems-frontiers.md) | Andreas Olsen, Henri Hussinki, Patrick Mikalef | Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology |
| 2026-10-22 | [Turning adversity into opportunity: Managerial interventions and employee responses to observed customer mistreatment](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2026.104939) | [International Journal of Hospitality Management](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-journal-of-hospitality-management.md) | Xiaowen Hu, Hongmin Yan, Siran Zhan | Queensland University of Technology; University of Manchester; Aston University; … |
| 2026-10-22 | [From ride acceptance to premium payment: A value-based study of air taxi service adoption](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2026.101927) | [Research in Transportation Business & Management](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/research-in-transportation-business-management.md) | Wenjuan Liu, Guanqiu Qi, Xueqin Wang et al. | Shandong University; Chung-Ang University |
| 2026-10-21 | [Individual Resilience as Human Capital Stock: Neighborhood Social Capital, Environmental Perceptions, and Dynamic Pathways Across COVID-19 Phases](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11067-026-09795-2) | [Networks and Spatial Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/networks-and-spatial-economics.md) | Rui Sun, Yiming Wang | University of Bristol; University College London |
| 2026-10-21 | [Only When All is Good: The Fragility of Reputation After Wrongdoing](https://doi.org/10.1057/s41299-026-00273-6) | [Corporate Reputation Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/corporate-reputation-review.md) | Zheng Cheng, Karl Kammerer, Reha Karadag et al. | University of Northern Iowa; University of Minnesota, Duluth; University of Nebraska–Lincoln |
| 2026-10-21 | [Investigating the determinants of gaming app disengagement: A mixed methods–grounded theory approach](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2026.104455) | [Information & Management](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/information-management.md) | Haroon Iqbal Maseeh, Charles Jebarajakirthy | Griffith University; Sunway University |
| 2026-10-20 | [Consumer innovativeness and purchase behaviour in AI-enabled voice commerce: parallel mediation by attitude and trust](https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-026-01027-w) | [Future Business Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/future-business-journal.md) | Jyoti Sharma, Shabnam Gulati, Jamal Akhtar Khan et al. | Lovely Professional University; Chandigarh University; Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University |
| 2026-10-20 | [Psychometric validation of the Chinese version of the Social Integration in Later Life Scale among older adults with disability](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-026-02651-4) | [Health and Quality of Life Outcomes](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/health-and-quality-of-life-outcomes.md) | Qing Wang, Xiaoting Huang, Huang Chongmei et al. | Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Central South University; Ningxia Medical University |
| 2026-10-19 | [Cryptocurrency and initial trust formation: an empirical investigation into the dynamics of willingness to use in financial transactions](https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-026-00926-9) | [Financial Innovation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/financial-innovation.md) | Ahmed Geebren | Tobruk University |
| 2026-10-19 | [From Forest to Market: Sustainability Signals and Consumer Decision-Making for Amazonian Products](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10603-026-09634-4) | [Journal of Consumer Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-consumer-policy.md) | Gabriela Nobre Dias, Ingrid Moons, Kavita Miadaira Hamza et al. | University of Antwerp; Universidade de São Paulo |
| 2026-10-17 | [Technology adoption among silver tourists: A cross-cultural configurational comparison of Greece and the United Kingdom](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2026.103745) | [Technovation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/technovation.md) | Andrea Caputo, Seckin Celik, Christina Karadimitriou et al. | York St John University; University of Trento; University of Johannesburg; … |
| 2026-10-15 | [How Concern About War and Finances Shapes Consumer Well-being: Evidence From Finland](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10603-026-09635-3) | [Journal of Consumer Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-consumer-policy.md) | Jannica Nyman, Essi Pöyry, Samuel Piha | University of Turku; University of Helsinki |
| 2026-10-15 | [Integrated cognitive processing model of phishing detection: Mood state as moderating factor in the mindful cognition mediated detection process](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2026.103143) | [International Journal of Information Management](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-journal-of-information-management.md) | Debalina Bera, Arindam Majumder, Dan Jong Kim | University of North Carolina at Greensboro; University of North Texas |
| 2026-10-15 | [Artificial intelligence is not enough to enhance organizational performance](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2026.124917) | [Technological Forecasting and Social Change](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/technological-forecasting-and-social-change.md) | Michael Wang | Kingston University London; City St George's, University of London; University College London |
| 2026-10-14 | [Perform together: gaining growth momentum in SMEs through employee involvement](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-026-01260-3) | [International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-entrepreneurship-and-management-journal.md) | Paul Geuvers, Erik Stam, Samuele Murtinu | Utrecht University |
| 2026-10-14 | [ChatGPT’s feedback credibility and students’ perceived learning: the role of agent-related social perceptions](https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-026-00629-2) | [International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-journal-of-educational-technology-in-higher-education.md) | Raúl Pérez‐López, Rubén González-Vallejo, Laura Lucia‐Palacios et al. | Universidad de Zaragoza; Universidad de Málaga; CUNEF Universidad |
| 2026-10-13 | [Digital financial inclusion and SME performance: a structural equation modeling analysis of FinTech adoption impact in emerging markets](https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-026-01024-z) | [Future Business Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/future-business-journal.md) | Rodrigo Bochner |  |
| 2026-10-12 | [Examining determinants of cloud analytics adoption in SMEs](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-026-00744-7) | [Information Systems and e-Business Management](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/information-systems-and-e-business-management.md) | Benedict Langer, Alex Feld | Technical University of Munich |
| 2026-10-11 | [Tender negotiation and project procurement performance: examining the moderating role of supply market intelligence in World Bank financed projects](https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-026-01025-y) | [Future Business Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/future-business-journal.md) | Jackson William Musiba, Victoria Makuya, Faustine Panga | The University of Dodoma; Moshi Co-operative University |
| 2026-10-10 | [Decoding fairness: Unveiling the cognitive processes that determine pay rises and promotions](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2026.104299) | [Journal of Vocational Behavior](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-vocational-behavior.md) | Gabriele Boccoli, Benedetta Colaiacovo, Francesco Candia et al. | Politecnico di Milano; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore |
| 2026-10-09 | [Regret aversion and anchoring effects in advanced parking information system adoption: The behavioral economics of parking choices](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2026.105301) | [Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/transportation-research-part-a-policy-and-practice.md) | Meng Guo, Doosun Hong, Eunhyang Lee et al. | Hong Kong Polytechnic University |
| 2026-10-08 | [Chatbot service quality in omnichannel retailing: Effects of ChatbotSQ on decision confidence and customer behavior](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2026.105151) | [Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-retailing-and-consumer-services.md) | Fatimah Ali Abbas, Jamie Carlson, Syed Mahmudur Rahman et al. | University of Newcastle Australia; Jazan University; Macquarie University; … |
| 2026-10-08 | [AI capability and product innovation intensity: Driving B2B marketing innovation under varying levels of market turbulence](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2026.103737) | [Technovation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/technovation.md) | Nisreen Ameen, Jun‐Hwa Cheah, Senmao Xia et al. | Royal Holloway University of London; University of Reading; University of East Anglia; … |
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## Cite this page

Scholar4AI. (2026). Composite reliability. Journal and Conference Research Rankings. Retrieved November 5, 2026, from https://scholar4ai.com/equations/composite-reliability

```bibtex
@misc{scholar4ai-equations-composite-reliability,
  author = {{Scholar4AI}},
  title = {Composite reliability},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://scholar4ai.com/equations/composite-reliability}},
  urldate = {2026-11-05},
  note = {Journal and Conference Research Rankings; data from OpenAlex (CC0); licensed CC BY-NC 4.0}
}
```

License: CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).