---
title: "Cronbach's alpha: formula, variables and example"
description: "Cronbach's alpha explained: variables, a worked example, related methods and assumptions. Internal consistency of a multi-item scale: how closely its k items move together."
url: https://scholar4ai.com/equations/cronbach-s-alpha
markdown_url: https://scholar4ai.com/equations/cronbach-s-alpha.md
license: CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
share_text: "Cronbach's alpha explained: variables, a worked example, related methods and assumptions. Internal consistency of a multi-item scale: how closely its k items move together. (as of 2026-11-05)"
data_url: https://scholar4ai.com/data/rankings.json
updated: 2026-11-05T06:02:37+09:00
window: 2026-10-07 to 2026-11-05
source: OpenAlex (CC0)
---

# Cronbach's alpha

$$
\alpha = \frac{k}{k - 1}\Big(1 - \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{k}\sigma^2_{Y_i}}{\sigma^2_X}\Big)
$$

Internal consistency of a multi-item scale: how closely its k items move together.

- area: Measurement reliability and validity
- 4 papers in the last 7 days
- Names searched for: Cronbach's alpha, Cronbach’s alpha, Cronbach alpha, Cronbach's α, Cronbach’s α, Cronbach α

Back to the ranking: https://scholar4ai.com/rankings/equations.md

## Variables and notation

k is the number of items, sigma²_Yi individual item variances and sigma²_X variance of their summed score; alpha estimates an internal-consistency quantity.

## Worked example

For k=3,sum of item variances=3 and total-score variance=6, alpha=(3/2)×(1−3/6)=0.75.

## Related methods and when to use them

Cronbach's alpha uses observed item covariances; composite reliability uses factor loadings and errors. High alpha does not prove unidimensionality or validity, and its reliability interpretation needs measurement assumptions.

## Sources and further reading

- [Cronbach (1951), Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests](https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02310555)

Examples use illustrative inputs, not observed research results. Logarithms are natural unless stated otherwise. Guide updated 2026-11-05. Prepared by Scholar4AI. [Editorial and verification policy](/editorial-policy).

## Key findings

- Cronbach's alpha was mentioned in 50 papers in the last 30 days (2026-10-07 to 2026-11-05), ranking #21 of the 248 equations and models mentioned.
- By journal category: Management (19), Health Economics and Policy (6), Marketing (5), Higher Education and Research (4), Information Systems (4), Economics (3), Tourism and Hospitality (3), Finance (2), AI (2) and Operations Research (2).
- Most of them appeared in Health and Quality of Life Outcomes (5), Future Business Journal (4) and Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services (3).
- Often mentioned together with Structural equation modeling (SEM) (31), Composite reliability (27) and Average variance extracted (AVE) (25).
- Datasets named in the same papers: LinkedIn (3), Amazon Mechanical Turk (3) and Facebook (3).
- From Nov 2023 to Oct 2026, 2,873 archived papers mentioned Cronbach's alpha in their title, abstract, keywords or full text, most of them in Jul 2026 (141).
- From 2017 to 2026 (so far), Cronbach's alpha was mentioned in 3,292 papers in the tracked journals, most of them in management (970), health economics and policy (753) and higher education and research (561).
- 932 of them were published in 2025, against 58 in 2017.
- Since 2023, the institutions with the most of these papers were University of Johannesburg (45), Erasmus University Rotterdam (37) and Hong Kong Polytechnic University (35).
- The journals publishing most of them were Education and Information Technologies (200), Future Business Journal (191) and Health and Quality of Life Outcomes (129).
- The most-cited of them is “Reporting reliability, convergent and discriminant validity with structural equation modeling: A review and best-practice recommendations” (Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 2023), with 2,261 citations.

## Mentions over 36 months

*Papers mentioning it by publication month, Nov 2023 to Oct 2026 (titles, abstracts, keywords and full texts)*

| Trend | Nov 23–Oct 24 | Nov 24–Oct 25 | Nov 25–Oct 26 | 36 months |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|
|  | 886 | 965 | 1,022 | 2,873 |

## Papers per year

*Papers per publication year and category*

| Category | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 (so far) |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|
| [Management](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/management.md) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 67 | 263 | 308 | 325 |
| [Health Economics and Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/health-economics-and-policy.md) | 56 | 47 | 40 | 71 | 52 | 43 | 52 | 150 | 146 | 96 |
| [Higher Education and Research](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/higher-education-and-research.md) | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 42 | 166 | 193 | 146 |
| [Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/economics.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 57 | 74 | 74 |
| [Marketing](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/marketing.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 62 | 49 | 57 |
| [Information Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/information-systems.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 50 | 45 | 64 |
| [Tourism and Hospitality](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/tourism-and-hospitality.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 27 | 31 | 53 |
| [Operations Research](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/operations-research.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 12 | 28 | 28 | 33 |
| [Statistics](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/statistics.md) | 1 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 9 | 21 | 23 |
| [AI](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/ai.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 14 | 22 | 15 |
| [Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/finance.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 11 | 8 | 21 |
| [Accounting](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/accounting.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 15 | 7 | 10 |
| All categories | 58 | 52 | 47 | 83 | 60 | 50 | 241 | 852 | 932 | 917 |

## Where the papers come from

*Journals with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Journal | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [Education and Information Technologies](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/education-and-information-technologies.md) | 200 |
| 2 | [Future Business Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/future-business-journal.md) | 191 |
| 3 | [Health and Quality of Life Outcomes](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/health-and-quality-of-life-outcomes.md) | 129 |
| 4 | [Journal of Innovation & Knowledge](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-innovation-knowledge.md) | 86 |
| 5 | [Journal of Business Research](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-business-research.md) | 78 |
| 6 | [Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-innovation-and-entrepreneurship.md) | 75 |
| 7 | [Social Science & Medicine](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/social-science-medicine.md) | 64 |
| 8 | [International Journal of Hospitality Management](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-journal-of-hospitality-management.md) | 59 |
| 9 | [International Journal for Equity in Health](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-journal-for-equity-in-health.md) | 56 |
| 10 | [Journal of Happiness Studies](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-happiness-studies.md) | 53 |

*Institutions with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Institution | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [University of Johannesburg](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/university-of-johannesburg.md) | 45 |
| 2 | [Erasmus University Rotterdam](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/erasmus-university-rotterdam.md) | 37 |
| 3 | [Hong Kong Polytechnic University](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/hong-kong-polytechnic-university.md) | 35 |
| 4 | [University of Birmingham](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/university-of-birmingham.md) | 31 |
| 5 | [Universitat de València](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/universitat-de-valencia.md) | 29 |
| 6 | [University of Amsterdam](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/university-of-amsterdam.md) | 29 |
| 7 | [Universidad de Granada](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/universidad-de-granada.md) | 27 |
| 8 | [University of Leeds](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/university-of-leeds.md) | 27 |
| 9 | [University College London](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/university-college-london.md) | 25 |
| 10 | [University of Hong Kong](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/university-of-hong-kong.md) | 25 |

*Countries with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Country | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | United Kingdom | 511 |
| 2 | United States | 427 |
| 3 | China | 321 |
| 4 | Spain | 270 |
| 5 | Germany | 264 |
| 6 | Australia | 210 |
| 7 | Netherlands | 208 |
| 8 | Italy | 169 |
| 9 | India | 119 |
| 10 | Turkey | 118 |

*Keywords with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Keyword | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [gender differences](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/gender-differences.md) | 120 |
| 2 | [university students](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/university-students.md) | 119 |
| 3 | [COVID-19 pandemic](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/covid-19-pandemic.md) | 108 |
| 4 | [mediating effect](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/mediating-effect.md) | 107 |
| 5 | [moderating effect](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/moderating-effect.md) | 98 |
| 6 | [small and medium-sized enterprises](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/small-and-medium-sized-enterprises.md) | 94 |
| 7 | [scale development](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/scale-development.md) | 93 |
| 8 | [self-efficacy](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/self-efficacy.md) | 93 |
| 9 | [generative AI](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/generative-ai.md) | 90 |
| 10 | psychometric validation | 76 |

## Most-cited papers

*Most-cited papers since 2017*

| # | Citations | Per month | Title | Journal | Published | Authors |
|---:|---:|---:|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2,261 | 50.1 | [Reporting reliability, convergent and discriminant validity with structural equation modeling: A review and best-practice recommendations](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-023-09871-y) | [Asia Pacific Journal of Management](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/asia-pacific-journal-of-management.md) | 2023-01-30 | Gordon W. Cheung, Helena Dorothy Cooper-Thomas, Rebecca S. Lau et al. |
| 2 | 476 | 13.5 | [Students’ Acceptance of ChatGPT in Higher Education: An Extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10755-023-09686-1) | [Innovative Higher Education](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/innovative-higher-education.md) | 2023-11-30 | Artur Strzelecki |
| 3 | 399 | 12.7 | [Drivers of generative AI adoption in higher education through the lens of the Theory of Planned Behaviour](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2024.102521) | [Technology in Society](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/technology-in-society.md) | 2024-03-25 | Stanislav Hristov Ivanov, Mohammad S.A. Soliman, Aarni Tuomi et al. |
| 4 | 392 | 10.9 | [Not quite eye to A.I.: student and teacher perspectives on the use of generative artificial intelligence in the writing process](https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-023-00427-0) | [International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-journal-of-educational-technology-in-higher-education.md) | 2023-11-09 | Alex James Barrett, Austin Pack |
| 5 | 304 | 9.7 | [The key role of innovation and organizational resilience in improving business performance: A mixed-methods approach](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2024.102777) | [International Journal of Information Management](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-journal-of-information-management.md) | 2024-03-23 | Aurora Garrido‐Moreno, Rodrigo Martín‐Rojas, Victor Jesús García Morales |
| 6 | 296 | 8.6 | [ChatGPT effects on cognitive skills of undergraduate students: Receiving instant responses from AI-based conversational large language models (LLMs)](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100198) | [Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/computers-and-education-artificial-intelligence.md) | 2023-12-23 | Harry Barton Essel, Dimitrios Vlachopoulos, Akosua Aya Essuman et al. |
| 7 | 278 | 7.8 | [Towards Human-Centered Explainable AI: A Survey of User Studies for Model Explanations](https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2023.3331846) | [IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/ieee-transactions-on-pattern-analysis-and-machine-intelligence.md) | 2023-11-13 | Yao Rong, Tobias Leemann, Thai-trang Nguyen et al. |
| 8 | 273 | 8.5 | [Empowering ChatGPT with guidance mechanism in blended learning: effect of self-regulated learning, higher-order thinking skills, and knowledge construction](https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-024-00447-4) | [International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-journal-of-educational-technology-in-higher-education.md) | 2024-03-03 | Hsin‐Yu Lee, Pei-Hua Chen, Wei‐Sheng Wang et al. |
| 9 | 273 | 10.0 | [ChatGPT awareness, acceptance, and adoption in higher education: the role of trust as a cornerstone](https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-024-00478-x) | [International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-journal-of-educational-technology-in-higher-education.md) | 2024-07-30 | Muhammad Farrukh Shahzad, Shuo Xu, Iqra Javed |
| 10 | 264 | 7.9 | [Importance and performance in PLS-SEM and NCA: Introducing the combined importance-performance map analysis (cIPMA)](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2024.103723) | [Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-retailing-and-consumer-services.md) | 2024-01-23 | Sven Hauff, Nicole Richter, Marko Sarstedt et al. |

Archive counts by publication year: a paper counts when its title, abstract or keywords name the equation, or when OpenAlex's full-text search finds it there (searched for the last 30 days' papers and, by a pass over the past years, for older ones). Names added to the list later are looked for in older papers as the archive is read again.

*Papers mentioning Cronbach's alpha, newest first.*

| Date | Title | Journal | Authors | Affiliations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-11-03 | [Item distribution, structural validity and internal consistency of the German version of the sleep disorders inventory for people living with dementia in nursing homes](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-026-02656-z) | [Health and Quality of Life Outcomes](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/health-and-quality-of-life-outcomes.md) | Jonas Dörner, Almuth Berg, Denise Wilfling et al. | Witten/Herdecke University; University Hospital Cologne; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; … |
| 2026-11-02 | [From rights to reach: a distributive policy framework bridging health literacy education, standardised medical sign language, and healthcare access for people with hearing loss in Thailand](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-026-03102-8) | [International Journal for Equity in Health](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-journal-for-equity-in-health.md) | Sovaritthon Chansaengsee, Jitsuda Limkriengkrai, Mookda Koodduderm et al. | Mahidol University; Ramathibodi Hospital |
| 2026-10-31 | [Understanding Undergraduate Students’ Willingness to Engage in Conventional and High-Risk Activism](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10755-026-09970-w) | [Innovative Higher Education](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/innovative-higher-education.md) | Taylor Payne, Lillian Nguyen, Allison Zengilowski et al. | Rice University; University of Michigan; Lehigh University; … |
| 2026-10-31 | [Validation of the Italian version of the HOOS-12 in people with total hip arthroplasty](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-026-02663-0) | [Health and Quality of Life Outcomes](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/health-and-quality-of-life-outcomes.md) | Ilaria Arcolin, Marica Giardini, Marco Caligari et al. | Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri |
| 2026-10-29 | [FinTech adoption and perceived banking performance in emerging Asian economies: Regional heterogeneity in managerial perceptions across Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Indonesia](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.106006) | [International Review of Economics & Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics-finance.md) | Samir Alamad | Coventry University |
| 2026-10-29 | [Measuring conscious capitalism practices: development and validation of a scale](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12232-026-00556-8) | [International Review of Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics.md) | Ronaldo de Lucio, Maria Luísa Mendes Teixeira, Isabel Cristina Panziera Marques | Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie; São Paulo State Technological College; University of Lisbon; … |
| 2026-10-28 | [How immersive experiences carry over across the customer journey: A two-stage study of virtual reality in heritage tourism](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2026.101179) | [Journal of Destination Marketing & Management](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-destination-marketing-management.md) | Matteo Lorandi, Marco Mandolfo, Giuliano Noci | Politecnico di Milano |
| 2026-10-28 | [Interactive augmented packaging: A cross-cultural study of adaptive packaging, consumer engagement, and purchase intentions](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2026.105169) | [Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-retailing-and-consumer-services.md) | Chen Su, Xuejiao Wang, Mei-ling Soong | Ningbo City College of Vocational Technology; Wuhan University |
| 2026-10-27 | [Dirty by design? Gig work challenges, stigma, and identity threat in crowdwork](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2026.116628) | [Journal of Business Research](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-business-research.md) | Ward van Zoonen, Monika E. von Bonsdorff, Marjo Elisa Siltaoja | Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; University of Jyväskylä |
| 2026-10-27 | [The evolving role of organisational foresight: Implications for the food service industry](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2026.124921) | [Technological Forecasting and Social Change](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/technological-forecasting-and-social-change.md) | Rogério João Lunkes, Daiane Antonini Bortoluzzi, Lorenzo Compagnucci et al. | Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso; University of Macerata |
| 2026-10-26 | [It is all about digitalization: investigating antecedents and effects of digital transformation](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-026-10401-3) | [The Journal of Technology Transfer](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/the-journal-of-technology-transfer.md) | Slawka Jordanow, Elena Denzer, Sven Heidenreich et al. | Saarland University; Frankfurt School of Finance & Management; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR) |
| 2026-10-26 | [Quality versus quantity: including imperfect training data improves prediction of user satisfaction in software projects](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-026-02898-9) | [Knowledge and Information Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/knowledge-and-information-systems.md) | Łukasz Radliński | West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin |
| 2026-10-25 | [From consumer skepticism to voluntary simplicity: understanding the drivers of reduced consumption in an emerging economy](https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-026-01028-9) | [Future Business Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/future-business-journal.md) | Iftikhar Ahmad, Sabah Younus, Muhammad Awais Khalid et al. | National College of Business Administration and Economics; National University of Modern Languages; NFC Institute of Engineering and Technology |
| 2026-10-24 | [Too much of a good thing? Knowledge transfer and scientists’ job satisfaction](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-026-10400-4) | [The Journal of Technology Transfer](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/the-journal-of-technology-transfer.md) | Christian Schröder, Ann-Christin Grözinger, Arndt Werner et al. | University of Siegen; University of Göttingen; ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences |
| 2026-10-23 | [What drives microfinance adoption among rural MSMES? a configurational FSQCA approach](https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-026-01031-0) | [Future Business Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/future-business-journal.md) | Jaratin Lily, Mori Kogid, Debbra Toria Nipo et al. | Universiti of Malaysia Sabah; Universiti Teknologi MARA |
| 2026-10-23 | [Foreign knowledge spillovers and new product development speed in boundary-spanning teams: A sufficiency–necessity perspective on digital interoperability and collaborative conflict resolution capabilities](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2026.10.006) | [Industrial Marketing Management](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/industrial-marketing-management.md) | Charles Baah, Yaw Agyabeng‐Mensah, Ebenezer Afum et al. | Charles Darwin University; Macquarie University; University of Bristol; … |
| 2026-10-22 | [Effects of question-chain prompting on self-regulated learning, metacognition, and achievement in a generative AI environment](https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-026-00632-7) | [International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-journal-of-educational-technology-in-higher-education.md) | Xiuyu Lin, Shan Li, Yijing Zhu et al. | South China Normal University; Lehigh University; Guangzhou University |
| 2026-10-22 | [Turning adversity into opportunity: Managerial interventions and employee responses to observed customer mistreatment](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2026.104939) | [International Journal of Hospitality Management](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-journal-of-hospitality-management.md) | Xiaowen Hu, Hongmin Yan, Siran Zhan | Queensland University of Technology; University of Manchester; Aston University; … |
| 2026-10-22 | [From ride acceptance to premium payment: A value-based study of air taxi service adoption](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2026.101927) | [Research in Transportation Business & Management](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/research-in-transportation-business-management.md) | Wenjuan Liu, Guanqiu Qi, Xueqin Wang et al. | Shandong University; Chung-Ang University |
| 2026-10-21 | [From sustainability awareness to practical agency: Translating institutional activity into meaningful student learning](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2026.101570) | [The International Journal of Management Education](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/the-international-journal-of-management-education.md) | Marc Oliver Duffy, Judith Wylie, S Davey et al. | University of Ulster; Sheffield Hallam University; University of Sheffield |
| 2026-10-21 | [Individual Resilience as Human Capital Stock: Neighborhood Social Capital, Environmental Perceptions, and Dynamic Pathways Across COVID-19 Phases](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11067-026-09795-2) | [Networks and Spatial Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/networks-and-spatial-economics.md) | Rui Sun, Yiming Wang | University of Bristol; University College London |
| 2026-10-21 | [Only When All is Good: The Fragility of Reputation After Wrongdoing](https://doi.org/10.1057/s41299-026-00273-6) | [Corporate Reputation Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/corporate-reputation-review.md) | Zheng Cheng, Karl Kammerer, Reha Karadag et al. | University of Northern Iowa; University of Minnesota, Duluth; University of Nebraska–Lincoln |
| 2026-10-21 | [Investigating the determinants of gaming app disengagement: A mixed methods–grounded theory approach](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2026.104455) | [Information & Management](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/information-management.md) | Haroon Iqbal Maseeh, Charles Jebarajakirthy | Griffith University; Sunway University |
| 2026-10-20 | [Consumer innovativeness and purchase behaviour in AI-enabled voice commerce: parallel mediation by attitude and trust](https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-026-01027-w) | [Future Business Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/future-business-journal.md) | Jyoti Sharma, Shabnam Gulati, Jamal Akhtar Khan et al. | Lovely Professional University; Chandigarh University; Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University |
| 2026-10-20 | [Enhancing the resilience of entrepreneurs](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-026-01257-y) | [International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-entrepreneurship-and-management-journal.md) | Ana Rosado-Cubero, Adolfo Hernández, Francisco José Blanco-Jiménez et al. | Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Universidad Rey Juan Carlos; ESIC University; … |
| 2026-10-20 | [Psychometric validation of the Chinese version of the Social Integration in Later Life Scale among older adults with disability](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-026-02651-4) | [Health and Quality of Life Outcomes](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/health-and-quality-of-life-outcomes.md) | Qing Wang, Xiaoting Huang, Huang Chongmei et al. | Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Central South University; Ningxia Medical University |
| 2026-10-19 | [Cryptocurrency and initial trust formation: an empirical investigation into the dynamics of willingness to use in financial transactions](https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-026-00926-9) | [Financial Innovation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/financial-innovation.md) | Ahmed Geebren | Tobruk University |
| 2026-10-19 | [Descriptive or injunctive? The interactive effects of influencer type and social norms on alternative protein purchase intention](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2026.105167) | [Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-retailing-and-consumer-services.md) | Liyun Liu, Kun Zhang, Yaning Zhang et al. | University of Southern Queensland; Griffith University |
| 2026-10-17 | [Technology adoption among silver tourists: A cross-cultural configurational comparison of Greece and the United Kingdom](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2026.103745) | [Technovation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/technovation.md) | Andrea Caputo, Seckin Celik, Christina Karadimitriou et al. | York St John University; University of Trento; University of Johannesburg; … |
| 2026-10-17 | [Development and COSMIN-based psychometric evaluation of the activities of daily living questionnaire for elderly iranian patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ADLEC): a sequential exploratory mixed-methods study using hybrid concept analysis](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-026-02655-0) | [Health and Quality of Life Outcomes](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/health-and-quality-of-life-outcomes.md) | Fateme Monjazebi, Asghar Dalvandi, Fereshteh Najafi et al. | Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences; Zahedan University of Medical Sciences |
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## Cite this page

Scholar4AI. (2026). Cronbach's alpha. Journal and Conference Research Rankings. Retrieved November 5, 2026, from https://scholar4ai.com/equations/cronbach-s-alpha

```bibtex
@misc{scholar4ai-equations-cronbach-s-alpha,
  author = {{Scholar4AI}},
  title = {Cronbach's alpha},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://scholar4ai.com/equations/cronbach-s-alpha}},
  urldate = {2026-11-05},
  note = {Journal and Conference Research Rankings; data from OpenAlex (CC0); licensed CC BY-NC 4.0}
}
```

License: CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).