---
title: "Difference-in-differences: formula and 135 recent papers"
description: "Difference-in-differences was mentioned in 135 papers in the last 30 days (2026-09-27 to 2026-10-26), ranking #2 of the 104 equations and models mentioned."
url: https://scholar4ai.com/equations/difference-in-differences
markdown_url: https://scholar4ai.com/equations/difference-in-differences.md
license: CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
data_url: https://scholar4ai.com/data/rankings.json
updated: 2026-10-26T13:22:50+09:00
window: 2026-09-27 to 2026-10-26
source: OpenAlex (CC0)
---

# Difference-in-differences

$$
Y_{it} = \alpha_i + \lambda_t + \delta\,(\mathit{Treat}_i \times \mathit{Post}_t) + \varepsilon_{it}
$$

Compares the change in outcomes of a group exposed to a policy or event with the change in an unexposed group; delta is the estimated effect.

- area: Causal inference
- 8 papers in the last 7 days
- Names searched for: difference-in-difference, differences-in-differences, diff-in-diff, staggered DID, DiD, DID, DDD

Back to the ranking: https://scholar4ai.com/rankings/equations.md

## Key findings

- Difference-in-differences was mentioned in 135 papers in the last 30 days (2026-09-27 to 2026-10-26), ranking #2 of the 104 equations and models mentioned.
- By journal category: Economics (64), Finance (47), Management (17), Accounting (5), Operations Research (1) and AI (1).
- Most of them appeared in Economic Analysis and Policy (19), International Review of Economics & Finance (17) and Finance research letters (10).
- Often mentioned together with Propensity score matching (25), Two-way fixed-effects panel regression (20) and Instrumental variables (two-stage least squares) (18).
- Datasets named in the same papers: Economic Policy Uncertainty index (7), CSMAR (7) and China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) (4).
- From Apr 2024 to Sep 2026, 505 archived papers mentioned Difference-in-differences in their title, abstract or keywords, most of them in Sep 2026 (44).

## Mentions over 30 months

*Papers mentioning it by publication month, Apr 2024 to Sep 2026 (titles, abstracts and keywords)*

| Trend | Apr 24–Sep 24 | Oct 24–Sep 25 | Oct 25–Sep 26 | 30 months |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|
|  | 120 | 332 | 53 | 505 |

*Papers mentioning Difference-in-differences, newest first. Newest 50 of 135 papers; all of them are in /data/papers.json.*

| Date | Title | Journal | Authors | Affiliations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-10-22 | [Audit independence and year-end government spending surges: evidence from China](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-026-10010-8) | [International Tax and Public Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-tax-and-public-finance.md) | Wenyue Chu, 王宝珠, Yongwei Ye | Dongbei University of Finance and Economics; Shanghai University of Finance and Economics |
| 2026-10-22 | [Business networks and the persistence of entrepreneurship: evidence from China](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-026-01292-7) | [Small Business Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/small-business-economics.md) | Han Wang, Neil Lee | University of Southampton; London School of Economics and Political Science |
| 2026-10-21 | [Digital capability reconfiguration as a catalyst: How environmental regulation shapes corporate total factor productivity—evidence from China's manufacturing industry](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105999) | [International Review of Economics & Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics-finance.md) | Binjiang He, Wei Chen, Chunqi Hu | Jiangxi University of Technology; Jiangxi University of Science and Technology |
| 2026-10-21 | [Buffering institutional erosion: organizational ties and SME exports under populism](https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-026-00911-5) | [Journal of International Business Studies](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-international-business-studies.md) | Xiaolong Shui, Luyang Chen, Michael; id_orcid 0000-0002-4701-6283 Witt | University of Bristol; Bristol Robotics Laboratory; University of Westminster; … |
| 2026-10-21 | [The economic geography of Churches: housing market effects in Stockholm](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10824-026-09609-w) | [Journal of Cultural Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-cultural-economics.md) | Mats Wilhelmsson | KTH Royal Institute of Technology |
| 2026-10-20 | [Regional favoritism and educational attainment in Africa](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-026-01209-4) | [Journal of Population Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-population-economics.md) | Zareh Asatryan, Thushyanthan Baskaran, Patrick Hufschmidt et al. | Centre for European Economic Research; University of Münster; Ruhr University Bochum; … |
| 2026-10-20 | [Social distancing under strategic uncertainty: The role of strategic sophistication in the COVID-19 pandemic](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11166-026-09512-x) | [Journal of Risk and Uncertainty](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-risk-and-uncertainty.md) | Mimi Jeon, Seonghoon Kim, Kanghyock Koh et al. | Singapore Management University; Korea University; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology |
| 2026-10-20 | [The dual impact of cap-and-trade policies on innovations and the moderating role of accumulated resources](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2026.124919) | [Technological Forecasting and Social Change](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/technological-forecasting-and-social-change.md) | Jiayuan Han, Haoran Deng, Qian-Xia Chen | Hangzhou Dianzi University; Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics |
| 2026-10-18 | [Navigating geopolitical turbulence on customer: Evidence from global supply chain resilience](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2026.10.051) | [Economic Analysis and Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/economic-analysis-and-policy.md) | Yin-Siang Huang, Le Quoc Tuan, Chih-Yung Lin et al. | Yuan Ze University |
| 2026-10-17 | [Natural disasters and political beliefs](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2026.109260) | [Ecological Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/ecological-economics.md) | Costanza Naguib-Stettler, Beatrice Palmieri | University of Bern |
| 2026-10-17 | [FinTech regulatory innovation and credit allocation efficiency in China's regulatory sandbox: A pre-registered report](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2026.103414) | [Pacific-Basin Finance Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pacific-basin-finance-journal.md) | Fengming Tao, Jize Xie, Dan Zhu et al. | Chongqing University |
| 2026-10-16 | [Science and technology innovation finance reform and innovation in key technology fields](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2026.110950) | [Finance research letters](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/finance-research-letters.md) | Zhenyu Yao, Wanyue Hou, Yue Tang et al. | Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Nanjing University; University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences; … |
| 2026-10-15 | [Economic & trade cooperation zones and cross-border supply chain synergy: Evidence from China-ASEAN integration](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2026.10.046) | [Economic Analysis and Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/economic-analysis-and-policy.md) | xuelong zhang, 陈小帆, yuxin xu et al. |  |
| 2026-10-15 | [Understanding the determinants and consequences of share-pledging: a systematic literature review and future research agenda](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-026-00643-8) | [Management Review Quarterly](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/management-review-quarterly.md) | Rohith Radhakrishnan, E Geetha, Agnes S. Joseph | Manipal Academy of Higher Education; Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies |
| 2026-10-15 | [The “Dr Google” effect: Online health information and its implications](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2026.101658) | [Economics & Human Biology](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/economics-human-biology.md) | P. Berta, Carla Guerriero, S. Moccia et al. | University of Milano-Bicocca; Centre for Studies in Economics and Finance; Federico II University Hospital; … |
| 2026-10-15 | [Does entrepreneurship policy reform institutional conditions? Evidence from India’s Startup India programme](https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-026-01023-0) | [Future Business Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/future-business-journal.md) | Gourav Aggarwal, Smita Kashiramka | O. P. Jindal Global University; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi |
| 2026-10-15 | [Expansions in scope of practice provider regulations for certified nurse midwives & maternal-infant health outcomes: evidence from PRAMS](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11149-026-09527-x) | [Journal of Regulatory Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-regulatory-economics.md) | Agnitra Roy Choudhury, Alicia Plemmons, Sriparna Ghosh | Auburn University at Montgomery; West Virginia University; Morgantown High School |
| 2026-10-15 | [Government-guided fund and patient capital agglomeration: Evidence from listed firms in China](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2026.110902) | [Finance research letters](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/finance-research-letters.md) | 郑柳君 Zheng Liujun, Bin Li | Liaoning University of International Business and Economics |
| 2026-10-14 | [Short-term temporary institutions vs. long-term carbon reduction: Evidence from corporate emissions in China](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105970) | [International Review of Economics & Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics-finance.md) | Chen You, Nuoya Wu, Sijin Chen | Zhejiang Institute of Science and Technology Information; Zhejiang Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering; Zhejiang University of Technology |
| 2026-10-14 | [Rural governance in the sunshine: the standardization of grassroots government affairs disclosure and government-business relations of agriculture-related firms](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2026.10.038) | [Economic Analysis and Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/economic-analysis-and-policy.md) | Shuai Xu, Qi Ban, Senran Zhou | Sias University; Guangxi University of Finance and Economics; Wenzhou-Kean University |
| 2026-10-13 | [Central bank digital currency and corporate investment efficiency: evidence from China's e-CNY pilot](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2026.105466) | [International Review of Financial Analysis](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-financial-analysis.md) | Rui Xian, Wen Wen, Yun Ke et al. | Guangxi University; Guangxi University of Science and Technology; Beijing Foreign Studies University; … |
| 2026-10-13 | [Steady at the helm: how CEO early-life disaster experience shapes CEO resilience](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2026.116588) | [Journal of Business Research](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-business-research.md) | Kevin Tian, Jan Christoph Hennig, Reggy B. H. Hooghiemstra et al. | University of Groningen |
| 2026-10-13 | [Spatial consequences of tax reforms on tax compliance: econometric evidence from the Italian Minimum Taxpayer Regime](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-026-01546-y) | [The Annals of Regional Science](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/the-annals-of-regional-science.md) | Amedeo Argentiero, Paolo Maranzano, Gianluca Monturano et al. | University of Salerno; Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei; University of Milano-Bicocca; … |
| 2026-10-13 | [How digital governance shapes excess goodwill? Evidence from big data management agency reform](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcae.2026.100604) | [Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-contemporary-accounting-economics.md) | Ruizhan Ju, Yang Li, Muqing Hu | Ocean University of China; The University of Sydney |
| 2026-10-13 | [The unexpected consequences of clean heating policy in Northern China: a study from the perspective of household energy poverty](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2026.10.036) | [Economic Analysis and Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/economic-analysis-and-policy.md) | Bin Li, Mingwei Gao, Qinghai Li |  |
| 2026-10-12 | [Can parent company board reforms influence the risk-taking level of Subsidiaries? Evidence from central state-owned enterprises in China](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105963) | [International Review of Economics & Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics-finance.md) | Hua Huang, Xinglin Liu, Xueping Wang | Hubei University of Automotive Technology; Shenzhen Polytechnic University; Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics |
| 2026-10-12 | [Science-finance integration and the formation of patient capital: Evidence from China's Sci-Tech Finance Pilot](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2026.10.008) | [Economic Analysis and Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/economic-analysis-and-policy.md) | Zengming WU, Lilong Huang, Wei Zhang et al. | Wenzhou Business College; Macao Polytechnic University |
| 2026-10-12 | [The impact of pilot inland free trade zones on household income: Evidence from China](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2026.101566) | [Emerging Markets Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/emerging-markets-review.md) | Weixing Wu, Wen Li, Lina Zhang | University of International Business and Economics; Capital University of Economics and Business |
| 2026-10-12 | [Lending in Need: Natural Disaster Shocks and Online Borrowing in Indonesia](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2026.116587) | [Journal of Business Research](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-business-research.md) | Jianzheng Shi, Yue Wang, Weibiao Xu et al. | Singapore University of Social Sciences; Nankai University |
| 2026-10-12 | [Place-based investment incentives and technological upgrading in lagging EU regions: Province-level evidence on inventive activity from Italy’s Mezzogiorno](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2026.107884) | [Economic Modelling](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/economic-modelling.md) | Simone Robbiano | International Labour Organization; Cambridge Econometrics (United Kingdom); University of Genoa |
| 2026-10-11 | [Market-based allocation of data elements and urban economic resilience: Evidence from data trading platforms](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2026.10.019) | [Economic Analysis and Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/economic-analysis-and-policy.md) | Guanchen Lv, Ling Wang, Weidong Li et al. |  |
| 2026-10-11 | [Public data openness and corporate innovation quality: Evidence from patent citations in China](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2026.10.010) | [Economic Analysis and Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/economic-analysis-and-policy.md) | Taoqiang Peng, Jizeng Peng, Wen Zhang et al. | Nanchang University; Shanghai Lixin University of Accounting and Finance |
| 2026-10-11 | [Digital infrastructure, transaction cost reduction, and regional entrepreneurial vitality](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2026.10.020) | [Economic Analysis and Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/economic-analysis-and-policy.md) | Jing Xia, Xiaomin Liang, Guixiang Zhang | Guizhou Minzu University |
| 2026-10-11 | [Beyond file-by-file insularity: Measuring cumulative EU regulatory burden on the Greek economy](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rie.2026.101188) | [Research in Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/research-in-economics.md) | Elisabetta Barone, Epameinondas Katsikas |  |
| 2026-10-11 | [Judicial reform and corporate financialization: Evidence from the quasi-natural experiment of circuit court establishment](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2026.10.013) | [Economic Analysis and Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/economic-analysis-and-policy.md) | Yan Yan, Yanxia Han | Shanxi Agricultural University |
| 2026-10-11 | [Employment effects of the Farmers to Families Food Box program on small businesses](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2026.103204) | [Food Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/food-policy.md) | Mackenzie Gill, Lauren Chenarides, D. Adeline Yeh et al. | University of Tennessee at Knoxville; Colorado State University; Economic Research Service; … |
| 2026-10-10 | [Innovation bridging sustainability: the role of digital finance, institutional policy stringency, and climate physical risks for advancing energy transformation](https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-026-00972-3) | [Financial Innovation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/financial-innovation.md) | Huma Iftikhar, Luo Guang, Ningyu Qian | Huazhong University of Science and Technology |
| 2026-10-10 | [Efficient stabilizer or deadweight effect? The impact of subsidies for apprenticeship training during an economic downturn](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2026.102851) | [Economics of Education Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/economics-of-education-review.md) | Lukas Fervers, Lina Tobler | University of Cologne; German Institute for Adult Education – Leibniz Centre for Lifelong Learning |
| 2026-10-10 | [Can green innovations enhance competitive advantage?](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-026-01209-6) | [Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-the-academy-of-marketing-science.md) | The Hoa Mai, Satheesh Seenivasan, David Sugianto Lie et al. | Monash University; University at Buffalo, State University of New York |
| 2026-10-10 | [Innovation or commercialization? Evidence from firm-level staggered entry into technology development areas in Türkiye](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-026-10396-x) | [The Journal of Technology Transfer](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/the-journal-of-technology-transfer.md) | Saliha Ergün Tanrıverdi | Bahçeşehir University |
| 2026-10-10 | [Wage arrears of migrant workers, digital government construction and government fiscal-financial intervention intensity: a Quasi-natural experiment](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2026.110914) | [Finance research letters](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/finance-research-letters.md) | 王梦佳, Linyi Xiao, Ni Zhang | Henan University; University of Macau; China Jiliang University |
| 2026-10-10 | [Does social media deployment by local governments raise voters’ offline engagement – Evidence from the German state of Hesse](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2026.102247) | [The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/the-quarterly-review-of-economics-and-finance.md) | Abeer Ibtisam Aziz, Ivo Bischoff | University of Kassel |
| 2026-10-10 | [Heterogeneous consumer responses to added sugar disclosures: Evidence from the U.S. nutrition facts panel update](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2026.103195) | [Food Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/food-policy.md) | YuXiang Zhang, Yizao Liu, James W. Sears | The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou); Pennsylvania State University; Michigan State University |
| 2026-10-10 | [Has strengthened environmental regulation influenced corporate environmental behavior? evidence from a quasi-natural experiment of environmental court establishment](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2026.10.004) | [Economic Analysis and Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/economic-analysis-and-policy.md) | Jincun Fu, Wenqian Gao, Beibei Zhang et al. |  |
| 2026-10-10 | [When banks are no longer mysterious: Bank transparency and efficiency](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2026.107891) | [Economic Modelling](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/economic-modelling.md) | Dong Leng, Ning Sun, Xu Wei et al. | Central University of Finance and Economics; Beijing Institute of Technology |
| 2026-10-10 | [So similar, yet so different: comparing the US GAAP and IFRS experience at eliciting greater transparency on pension asset disclosures](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-026-09992-x) | [Review of Accounting Studies](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/review-of-accounting-studies.md) | Divya Anantharaman, Elizabeth Chuk, Tonni Shijun Xia | Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; University of California, Irvine; San Diego State University |
| 2026-10-10 | [Too little too late? Nationwide carbon trading in China](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2026.105798) | [Journal of Public Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-public-economics.md) | Shuang Zhang, Douglas Almond | Centre for Economic Policy Research; Imperial College London; National Bureau of Economic Research; … |
| 2026-10-10 | [The unseen pain of the Vietnam War: long-term effects of Agent Orange on labor market outcomes](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-026-01217-4) | [Journal of Population Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-population-economics.md) | Luu Duc Toan Huynh, Po Yin Wong | Queen Mary University of London |
| 2026-10-09 | [The impact of regional economic growth pressure on CSR disclosure: Evidence from China](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105959) | [International Review of Economics & Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics-finance.md) | Huahong Yan, Mingxuan Zhu, Jing Liu et al. | Capital University of Economics and Business; Shanxi University of Finance and Economics |
| 2026-10-09 | [Place-based variation in health care: evidence from mandatory movers in the U.S. military health system](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2026.103192) | [Journal of Health Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-health-economics.md) | Roxana Leal, Wei Luan, Jonathan Skinner et al. | Institute For Defense Analyses; Dartmouth College; Dartmouth Hospital |

## Cite this page

Scholar4AI. (2026). Difference-in-differences. Journal Research Rankings. Retrieved October 26, 2026, from https://scholar4ai.com/equations/difference-in-differences

```bibtex
@misc{scholar4ai-equations-difference-in-differences,
  author = {{Scholar4AI}},
  title = {Difference-in-differences},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://scholar4ai.com/equations/difference-in-differences}},
  urldate = {2026-10-26},
  note = {Journal Research Rankings; data from OpenAlex (CC0); licensed CC BY-NC 4.0}
}
```

License: CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).