---
title: "F1 score: formula, variables and example"
description: "F1 score explained: variables, a worked example, related methods and assumptions. Harmonic mean of precision P and recall R, for classifiers on imbalanced data."
url: https://scholar4ai.com/equations/f1-score
markdown_url: https://scholar4ai.com/equations/f1-score.md
license: CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
share_text: "F1 score explained: variables, a worked example, related methods and assumptions. Harmonic mean of precision P and recall R, for classifiers on imbalanced data. (as of 2026-11-05)"
data_url: https://scholar4ai.com/data/rankings.json
updated: 2026-11-05T06:02:37+09:00
window: 2026-10-07 to 2026-11-05
source: OpenAlex (CC0)
---

# F1 score

$$
F_1 = \frac{2\, P\, R}{P + R}
$$

Harmonic mean of precision P and recall R, for classifiers on imbalanced data.

- area: Deep learning and language models
- 3 papers in the last 7 days
- Names searched for: F1 score, F1-score, F-measure, F1 measure

Back to the ranking: https://scholar4ai.com/rankings/equations.md

## Variables and notation

P is precision TP/(TP+FP), R recall TP/(TP+FN) and F1 their harmonic mean.

## Worked example

For TP=8,FP=2,FN=4, precision=0.8,recall=2/3 and F1=16/(16+2+4)=8/11≈0.727273.

## Related methods and when to use them

F1 balances precision and recall but ignores true negatives; accuracy includes them. State positive class, zero-denominator handling and micro/macro averaging for multiclass comparisons.

## Sources and further reading

- [scikit-learn: precision, recall and F-measures](https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/model_evaluation.html#precision-recall-f-measure-metrics)

Examples use illustrative inputs, not observed research results. Logarithms are natural unless stated otherwise. Guide updated 2026-11-05. Prepared by Scholar4AI. [Editorial and verification policy](/editorial-policy).

## Key findings

- F1 score was mentioned in 95 papers in the last 30 days (2026-10-07 to 2026-11-05), ranking #10 of the 248 equations and models mentioned.
- By journal category: AI (61), Information Systems (9), Statistics (7), Operations Research (6), Management (3), Finance (3), Higher Education and Research (3), Economics (2) and Marketing (1).
- Most of them appeared in Expert Systems with Applications (8), Information Processing & Management (7) and Knowledge-Based Systems (6).
- Often mentioned together with Scaled dot-product attention (Transformer) (27), Convolutional neural network (CNN) (18) and ROC curve and AUC (15).
- Datasets named in the same papers: MIMIC (5), ImageNet (5) and Hugging Face Hub (5).
- From Nov 2023 to Oct 2026, 2,636 archived papers mentioned F1 score in their title, abstract or keywords (the search of earlier months' full texts is still under way), most of them in Oct 2026 (118).
- From 2017 to 2026 (so far), F1 score was mentioned in 3,039 papers in the tracked journals, most of them in AI (2,430), information systems (160) and operations research (153).
- 890 of them were published in 2025, against 16 in 2017.
- Since 2023, the institutions with the most of these papers were Chinese Academy of Sciences (51), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (32) and Nanyang Technological University (29).
- The journals publishing most of them were Neural Computing and Applications (276), Artificial Intelligence Review (240) and Expert Systems with Applications (233).
- The most-cited of them is “Medical Image Segmentation Review: The Success of U-Net” (IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 2024), with 1,065 citations.

## Mentions over 36 months

*Papers mentioning it by publication month, Nov 2023 to Oct 2026 (titles, abstracts and keywords; the full texts of earlier months are still being searched)*

| Trend | Nov 23–Oct 24 | Nov 24–Oct 25 | Nov 25–Oct 26 | 36 months |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|
|  | 777 | 874 | 985 | 2,636 |

## Papers per year

*Papers per publication year and category*

| Category | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 (so far) |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|
| [AI](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/ai.md) | 13 | 8 | 19 | 28 | 53 | 81 | 201 | 648 | 734 | 645 |
| [Information Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/information-systems.md) | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 11 | 23 | 32 | 40 | 44 |
| [Operations Research](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/operations-research.md) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 16 | 42 | 43 | 49 |
| [Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/finance.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 13 | 13 | 31 |
| [Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/economics.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 9 | 23 | 22 |
| [Management](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/management.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 12 | 13 | 25 |
| [Higher Education and Research](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/higher-education-and-research.md) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 7 | 4 | 8 | 11 | 14 |
| [Statistics](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/statistics.md) | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 12 | 7 | 15 |
| [Marketing](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/marketing.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 |
| [Health Economics and Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/health-economics-and-policy.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
| [Tourism and Hospitality](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/tourism-and-hospitality.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| [Accounting](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/accounting.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| All categories | 16 | 11 | 22 | 33 | 67 | 105 | 258 | 780 | 890 | 857 |

## Where the papers come from

*Journals with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Journal | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [Neural Computing and Applications](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/neural-computing-and-applications.md) | 276 |
| 2 | [Artificial Intelligence Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/artificial-intelligence-review.md) | 240 |
| 3 | [Expert Systems with Applications](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/expert-systems-with-applications.md) | 233 |
| 4 | [Journal Of Big Data](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-big-data.md) | 213 |
| 5 | [Knowledge-Based Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/knowledge-based-systems.md) | 147 |
| 6 | [Machine Learning](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/machine-learning.md) | 91 |
| 7 | [IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/ieee-transactions-on-pattern-analysis-and-machine-intelligence.md) | 85 |
| 8 | [Information Fusion](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/information-fusion.md) | 78 |
| 9 | [Pattern Recognition](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pattern-recognition.md) | 74 |
| 10 | [Applied Intelligence](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/applied-intelligence.md) | 71 |

*Institutions with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Institution | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [Chinese Academy of Sciences](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/chinese-academy-of-sciences.md) | 51 |
| 2 | [Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/centre-national-de-la-recherche-scientifique.md) | 32 |
| 3 | [Nanyang Technological University](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/nanyang-technological-university.md) | 29 |
| 4 | [Zhejiang University](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/zhejiang-university.md) | 27 |
| 5 | [Qatar University](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/qatar-university.md) | 26 |
| 6 | [National University of Singapore](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/national-university-of-singapore.md) | 24 |
| 7 | [Tsinghua University](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/tsinghua-university.md) | 24 |
| 8 | [University of Electronic Science and Technology of China](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/university-of-electronic-science-and-technology-of-china.md) | 24 |
| 9 | [Norwegian University of Science and Technology](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/norwegian-university-of-science-and-technology.md) | 23 |
| 10 | [Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/beijing-university-of-posts-and-telecommunications.md) | 22 |

*Countries with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Country | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | China | 700 |
| 2 | United Kingdom | 329 |
| 3 | United States | 310 |
| 4 | Italy | 211 |
| 5 | India | 203 |
| 6 | Australia | 189 |
| 7 | Spain | 184 |
| 8 | Germany | 133 |
| 9 | Egypt | 127 |
| 10 | Saudi Arabia | 96 |

*Keywords with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Keyword | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [large language models](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/large-language-models.md) | 238 |
| 2 | [class imbalance](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/class-imbalance.md) | 202 |
| 3 | [explainable AI](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/explainable-ai.md) | 141 |
| 4 | [convolutional neural networks](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/convolutional-neural-networks.md) | 108 |
| 5 | [deep learning](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/deep-learning.md) | 107 |
| 6 | [feature selection](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/feature-selection.md) | 101 |
| 7 | [random forest](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/random-forest.md) | 96 |
| 8 | [graph neural networks](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/graph-neural-networks.md) | 89 |
| 9 | [interpretability](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/interpretability.md) | 85 |
| 10 | [transfer learning](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/transfer-learning.md) | 80 |

## Most-cited papers

*Most-cited papers since 2017*

| # | Citations | Per month | Title | Journal | Published | Authors |
|---:|---:|---:|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1,065 | 40.2 | [Medical Image Segmentation Review: The Success of U-Net](https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2024.3435571) | [IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/ieee-transactions-on-pattern-analysis-and-machine-intelligence.md) | 2024-08-21 | Reza Azad, Ehsan Khodapanah Aghdam, Amelie Rauland et al. |
| 2 | 753 | 7.8 | [Richer Convolutional Features for Edge Detection](https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2018.2878849) | [IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/ieee-transactions-on-pattern-analysis-and-machine-intelligence.md) | 2018-10-31 | Yun Liu, Ming‐Ming Cheng, Xiaowei Hu et al. |
| 3 | 633 | 20.2 | [Feature selection strategies: a comparative analysis of SHAP-value and importance-based methods](https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-024-00905-w) | [Journal Of Big Data](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-big-data.md) | 2024-03-26 | Huanjing Wang, Qianxin Liang, John Hancock et al. |
| 4 | 627 | 18.4 | [Deep learning models for digital image processing: a review](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-023-10631-z) | [Artificial Intelligence Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/artificial-intelligence-review.md) | 2024-01-01 | R. Archana, P. S. Eliahim Jeevaraj |
| 5 | 613 | 18.5 | [Autoencoders and their applications in machine learning: a survey](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-023-10662-6) | [Artificial Intelligence Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/artificial-intelligence-review.md) | 2024-02-03 | Kamal Berahmand, Fatemeh Daneshfar, Elaheh Sadat Salehi et al. |
| 6 | 562 | 4.8 | [Enhancing deep learning sentiment analysis with ensemble techniques in social applications](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2017.02.002) | [Expert Systems with Applications](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/expert-systems-with-applications.md) | 2017-02-03 | Óscar Araque, Ignacio Corcuera, J. Fernando Sánchez-Rada et al. |
| 7 | 548 | 15.7 | [A review of ensemble learning and data augmentation models for class imbalanced problems: Combination, implementation and evaluation](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2023.122778) | [Expert Systems with Applications](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/expert-systems-with-applications.md) | 2023-12-09 | Azal Ahmad Khan, Omkar Chaudhari, Rohitash Chandra |
| 8 | 495 | 22.9 | [Deep learning and computer vision in plant disease detection: a comprehensive review of techniques, models, and trends in precision agriculture](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-024-11100-x) | [Artificial Intelligence Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/artificial-intelligence-review.md) | 2025-01-17 | Abhishek Upadhyay, Narendra Singh Chandel, Krishna Pratap Singh et al. |
| 9 | 401 | 21.3 | [A comprehensive survey of loss functions and metrics in deep learning](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11198-7) | [Artificial Intelligence Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/artificial-intelligence-review.md) | 2025-04-11 | Juan R. Terven, Diana Margarita Córdova Esparza, Julio-Alejandro Romero-González et al. |
| 10 | 396 | 11.6 | [Plant disease detection and classification techniques: a comparative study of the performances](https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-023-00863-9) | [Journal Of Big Data](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-big-data.md) | 2024-01-02 | Wubetu Barud Demilie |

Archive counts by publication year: a paper counts when its title, abstract or keywords name the equation, or when OpenAlex's full-text search finds it there (searched for the last 30 days' papers and, by a pass over the past years, for older ones). Names added to the list later are looked for in older papers as the archive is read again.

*Papers mentioning F1 score, newest first. Newest 50 of 95 papers; all of them are in /data/papers.json.*

| Date | Title | Journal | Authors | Affiliations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-11-01 | [In-context bias propagation in LLM-based tabular data generation](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2026.117257) | [Knowledge-Based Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/knowledge-based-systems.md) | Pol G. Recasens, Alberto Gutierrez, Jordi Torres et al. | Barcelona Supercomputing Center; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; IBM (Ireland); … |
| 2026-10-31 | [Cross-Sectoral Patterns of Circular Consumption Behaviours: Evidence from R-Strategies](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10603-026-09640-6) | [Journal of Consumer Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-consumer-policy.md) | Katarzyna Bentkowska, Agnieszka Szulc‐Obłoza | SGH Warsaw School of Economics; Nicolaus Copernicus University |
| 2026-10-30 | [Unsupervised Interpretable Similarity (UIS): A zero-shot framework and benchmark for patent landscaping and technology mapping](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wpi.2026.102514) | [World Patent Information](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/world-patent-information.md) | Reza Rezazadegan, Mehran Moein Farsani | Shiraz University |
| 2026-10-29 | [A training-free, physics-based framework for ego-centric spatio-temporal traffic accident localization](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2026.106099) | [Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/transportation-research-part-c-emerging-technologies.md) | Yunfei Shen, Wenjing Li, Jun Zhang et al. | University of Science and Technology of China; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei Institutes of Physical Science; … |
| 2026-10-29 | [Acoustic–semantic equivalence: A trimodal framework for B2B sales communication effectiveness and training allocation](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2026.116609) | [Journal of Business Research](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-business-research.md) | Joona Mäntyvaara, Paavo Nevalainen, Jukka Heikkonen | University of Turku |
| 2026-10-29 | [Adaptive and cooperative kernel search optimizer-based feature selection for early prediction of abdominal aortic calcification](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-026-07511-8) | [Applied Intelligence](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/applied-intelligence.md) | Shanshan Chen, Qianqian Cao, Yuemeng Wu et al. | Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou University |
| 2026-10-29 | [From Headlines to Assembly Lines: Constructing a Manufacturing Economic Policy Uncertainty Index](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11293-026-09868-0) | [Atlantic Economic Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/atlantic-economic-journal.md) | Simran K. Kahai, Aksh Dantal | John Carroll University |
| 2026-10-28 | [Trajectory-consistent decoding for mitigating hallucinations in Large Vision-Language Models](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2026.105275) | [Information Processing & Management](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/information-processing-management.md) | Zhenzhong Zheng, Xiang Cheng, Shuo Liu | Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications; State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology |
| 2026-10-28 | [SMOTE-BWO: A hybrid oversampling method based on SMOTE and black widow optimization for imbalanced classification](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.134904) | [Expert Systems with Applications](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/expert-systems-with-applications.md) | Shen Yan, Haifeng Guo, Xiaoming Su | Shenyang University of Technology |
| 2026-10-28 | [Unifying global and local anomaly detection for time series](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-026-02917-9) | [Knowledge and Information Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/knowledge-and-information-systems.md) | Tongkai Lu, Shuai Ma, Zhongxin Zhang et al. | Beihang University; Shandong University |
| 2026-10-27 | [TempCTI-KG: Temporal validity and confidence decay modeling for Cyber Threat Intelligence knowledge graphs](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teler.2026.100383) | [Telematics and Informatics Reports](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/telematics-and-informatics-reports.md) | Doygun Demirol | Bingöl University |
| 2026-10-27 | [Expert-Gated Large Language Model Framework for financial argument classification](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2026.105274) | [Information Processing & Management](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/information-processing-management.md) | Harish Pratap Singh, Mayank Saini, Nishant Singh et al. | University of Petroleum and Energy Studies; Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology |
| 2026-10-27 | [Crop disease classification and fertilizer recommendation using hybrid black eagle optimized deformable convolutional Mobilecapsule network](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imavis.2026.106253) | [Image and Vision Computing](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/image-and-vision-computing.md) | Sivaramakrishna Yechuri, Mallekedi Anand, Anuj Jain et al. | Lovely Professional University; Symbiosis International University |
| 2026-10-27 | [Governance Complexity Index (GCI) Pakistan: Quantifying Organizational Structure Capacity](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2026.100895) | [Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-open-innovation-technology-market-and-complexity.md) | Asif Iqbal, Rafia Haider, Imran Ali Sultan et al. | Urban Unit; Government of Punjab; Government of Pakistan; … |
| 2026-10-27 | [Spatio-temporal reconstruction of video frames for efficient deepfake detection](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2026.124343) | [Information Sciences](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/information-sciences.md) | Y. H. Yeon, Junho Yoon, Chang Choi | Gachon University |
| 2026-10-27 | [Meta additive model: interpretable sparse learning with auto weighting](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10618-026-01274-z) | [Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/data-mining-and-knowledge-discovery.md) | Xuelin Zhang, Xinyue Liu, Lingjuan Wu et al. | Huazhong Agricultural University; Dongfeng Motor (China) |
| 2026-10-26 | [From unimodal to multimodal deep physiological signal analysis in healthcare: A survey of models, fusion and explainability](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2026.117256) | [Knowledge-Based Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/knowledge-based-systems.md) | Thilini Bakmeedeniya, Selvarajah Thuseethan, Roshan Ragel et al. | University of Peradeniya; NSBM Green University; Charles Darwin University |
| 2026-10-26 | [Structuring evidence in air pollution and cognitive impairment research using a role-analysis framework built on LLM-based entity extraction](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-026-03065-y) | [BMC Medical Research Methodology](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/bmc-medical-research-methodology.md) | Hao Zhu, Simeng Liu, Kaiqi Lu et al. | Shanxi Medical University |
| 2026-10-26 | [SMA: Semantic matching augmentation based medical diagnostic evaluation information extraction](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.134867) | [Expert Systems with Applications](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/expert-systems-with-applications.md) | Yanghui Huang, Dazhen Lin, Donglin Cao | Xiamen University; Wuyi University; Wuyi University |
| 2026-10-26 | [Thai-English target-based stock sentiment dataset for financial news with ICL-based evaluation](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-026-09934-8) | [Language Resources and Evaluation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/language-resources-and-evaluation.md) | Chayapat Uthayopas, Chalermpun Mai-On, Wannaphong Phatthiyaphaibun et al. | Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology |
| 2026-10-25 | [Trustaware-x: integrating game-theoretic incentives, reinforcement learning, and shapley value fair compensation in blockchain-secured federated learning](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10878-026-01492-7) | [Journal of Combinatorial Optimization](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-combinatorial-optimization.md) | Phuc Tran-Vinh, Thai-Minh Truong, Cuong Pham‐Quoc | Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology |
| 2026-10-25 | [EGY-MER: Establishing The First Egyptian Arabic Multimodal Emotion Recognition Dataset for Affective Computing](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-026-09941-9) | [Language Resources and Evaluation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/language-resources-and-evaluation.md) | Amany Hussein, May Hussien, Ammar Hassona et al. | German International University; German University in Cairo; Universität Ulm |
| 2026-10-24 | [RL-EPSO: Feature-level Q-learning-enhanced binary particle swarm optimization for feature selection](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swevo.2026.102571) | [Swarm and Evolutionary Computation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/swarm-and-evolutionary-computation.md) | Kunpeng Zhang, Shulin Yan, Jingyi Jin et al. | Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Jilin University; Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University |
| 2026-10-24 | [Intrusion detection datasets for Cyber–Physical Systems: Taxonomy, challenges, and opportunities](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2026.105217) | [Computers & Security](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/computers-security.md) | Vagner E. Quincozes, Silvio E. Quincozes, Albuquerque Celio et al. | Universidade Federal do Pampa; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Universidade Politécnica de Lisboa; … |
| 2026-10-24 | [Data-driven budget optimization for team sports](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjimei.2026.100456) | [International Journal of Information Management Data Insights](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-journal-of-information-management-data-insights.md) | Christos Spyropoulos, Polychronis Εconomou, Sotiris Bersimis | University of Piraeus; University of Patras |
| 2026-10-24 | [A priority-aware dual-channel feature fusion method for urban rail service traffic classification](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-026-07560-z) | [Applied Intelligence](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/applied-intelligence.md) | Xinpeng Liu, Junhui Zhao, Zhengyuan Wu et al. | Beijing Jiaotong University |
| 2026-10-24 | [Label ensemble perspective for reduced-complexity graph node classification under label noise](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2026.115169) | [Pattern Recognition](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pattern-recognition.md) | Rui Zhao, Bin Shi, Zhiming Liang et al. | Xi'an Jiaotong University; Pennsylvania State University |
| 2026-10-23 | [Dynamic prediction of loss given default in Norwegian retail credit card debt: advanced machine learning versus statistical models](https://doi.org/10.1007/s42521-026-00230-2) | [Digital Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/digital-finance.md) | Cathy Ho, Isabel A. C. Sandersen, Espen Selliken et al. | Norwegian University of Science and Technology |
| 2026-10-23 | [When Does Analytic Complexity Matter? A Theory-Informed Comparison of Regression-Based and Algorithmically Flexible Models of Student Success in Community Colleges](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10755-026-09968-4) | [Innovative Higher Education](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/innovative-higher-education.md) | JoHyun Kim, Jeongmin Ji, Seung Won Yoon | Texas A&M University; Korea Institute for Curriculum and Evaluation |
| 2026-10-23 | [Learning Dominant States in Elementary Resource Constrained Shortest Path Problems](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-026-07457-7) | [Annals of Operations Research](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/annals-of-operations-research.md) | Saverio Basso, Alessandro Minoli, Matteo Salani | University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland; Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence Research |
| 2026-10-23 | [Retrieval-augmented generation in biomedicine: a survey of technologies, datasets, and clinical applications](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-026-11743-y) | [Artificial Intelligence Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/artificial-intelligence-review.md) | Jiawei He, Boya Zhang, Hossein Rouhizadeh et al. | University of Geneva; Hunan City University; Henan University; … |
| 2026-10-22 | [Lithology identification method for tunnel face images with inter-class imbalance](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2026.124305) | [Information Sciences](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/information-sciences.md) | Liang Zhao, Jinwei Zhang, Zhanping Song et al. | Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology; Tashkent State Transport University |
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## Cite this page

Scholar4AI. (2026). F1 score. Journal and Conference Research Rankings. Retrieved November 5, 2026, from https://scholar4ai.com/equations/f1-score

```bibtex
@misc{scholar4ai-equations-f1-score,
  author = {{Scholar4AI}},
  title = {F1 score},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://scholar4ai.com/equations/f1-score}},
  urldate = {2026-11-05},
  note = {Journal and Conference Research Rankings; data from OpenAlex (CC0); licensed CC BY-NC 4.0}
}
```

License: CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).