---
title: "Generalized method of moments (GMM): formula and papers"
description: "Generalized method of moments (GMM) was mentioned in 44 papers in the last 30 days (2026-09-27 to 2026-10-26), ranking #23 of the 104 equations and models mentioned."
url: https://scholar4ai.com/equations/generalized-method-of-moments-gmm
markdown_url: https://scholar4ai.com/equations/generalized-method-of-moments-gmm.md
license: CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
share_text: "Generalized method of moments (GMM) was mentioned in 44 papers in the last 30 days (2026-09-27 to 2026-10-26), ranking #23 of the 104 equations and models mentioned."
data_url: https://scholar4ai.com/data/rankings.json
updated: 2026-10-26T14:52:47+09:00
window: 2026-09-27 to 2026-10-26
source: OpenAlex (CC0)
---

# Generalized method of moments (GMM)

$$
\hat\theta = \operatorname*{arg\,min}_{\theta}\ \bar g(\theta)^\top W\, \bar g(\theta),\quad \bar g(\theta) = \frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n} g(w_i, \theta)
$$

Estimates parameters by making sample moment conditions as close to zero as possible; system and difference GMM are common in dynamic panels.

- area: Regression models
- 1 papers in the last 7 days
- Names searched for: generalized method of moments, generalised method of moments, system GMM, difference GMM, GMM estimator, GMM estimation, two-step GMM, Arellano-Bond

Back to the ranking: https://scholar4ai.com/rankings/equations.md

## Key findings

- Generalized method of moments (GMM) was mentioned in 44 papers in the last 30 days (2026-09-27 to 2026-10-26), ranking #23 of the 104 equations and models mentioned.
- By journal category: Finance (16), Economics (16), Management (10), Operations Research (1) and Accounting (1).
- Most of them appeared in International Review of Economics & Finance (8), Future Business Journal (4) and Economic Modelling (3).
- Often mentioned together with Instrumental variables (two-stage least squares) (20), Ordinary least squares (OLS) (12) and Principal component analysis (PCA) (11).
- Datasets named in the same papers: World Development Indicators (World Bank) (10), Worldwide Governance Indicators (9) and Economic Policy Uncertainty index (6).
- From Oct 2023 to Sep 2026, 144 archived papers mentioned Generalized method of moments (GMM) in their title, abstract or keywords, most of them in Sep 2026 (13).

## Mentions over 36 months

*Papers mentioning it by publication month, Oct 2023 to Sep 2026 (titles, abstracts and keywords)*

| Trend | Oct 23–Sep 24 | Oct 24–Sep 25 | Oct 25–Sep 26 | 36 months |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|
|  | 56 | 74 | 14 | 144 |

*Papers mentioning Generalized method of moments (GMM), newest first.*

| Date | Title | Journal | Authors | Affiliations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-10-22 | [From compliance to competitiveness: how ESG creates lasting bank advantage](https://doi.org/10.1057/s41283-026-00246-3) | [Risk Management](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/risk-management.md) | Mohammed R. M. Salem | Universiti Putra Malaysia; Universiti Utara Malaysia |
| 2026-10-19 | [A reciprocal perspective on internationalization and ESG in EMNEs: The role of digitalization](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2026.102668) | [International Business Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-business-review.md) | Chao Zhang, Ioannis Petrakis, Zonghan He et al. |  |
| 2026-10-17 | [The transparency dividend: Effects of corporate environmental management information disclosure on green-tech FDIs in emerging-market cities](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2026.101433) | [Journal of International Management](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-international-management.md) | Zhuoran Liu, Yameng Zhang, Honglan Yu et al. | Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University; University of Sheffield |
| 2026-10-16 | [The unstable boundary: conditional classification of non-performing loan determinants and its implications for banking regulation](https://doi.org/10.1057/s41261-026-00365-7) | [Journal of Banking Regulation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-banking-regulation.md) | Michael Giannoulakis | University of Greenwich |
| 2026-10-15 | [Understanding the determinants and consequences of share-pledging: a systematic literature review and future research agenda](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-026-00643-8) | [Management Review Quarterly](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/management-review-quarterly.md) | Rohith Radhakrishnan, E Geetha, Agnes S. Joseph | Manipal Academy of Higher Education; Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies |
| 2026-10-13 | [Digital Finance and Trade in the Green Transition: Evidence from Emerging Asian Economies](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10690-026-09644-9) | [Asia-Pacific Financial Markets](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/asia-pacific-financial-markets.md) | Asma Rehman Ullah, Shahzeb Khurshid, Alishba Rahman Ullah et al. | Rawalpindi Medical University; Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University; University of Duhok; … |
| 2026-10-13 | [Training and productivity in micro-firms](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2026.105637) | [Research Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/research-policy.md) | Marco Rispoli, Federico Tamagni | Prometeia (Italy); Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna |
| 2026-10-12 | [Mind the gap: Emissions adjustment dynamics and firm performance](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2026.109650) | [Energy Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/energy-economics.md) | Shilpa Garg, Anil Kumar Sharma | Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee |
| 2026-10-12 | [Cost and profit efficiency analysis and convergence dynamics in Pakistan’s banking industry: a two-stage empirical analysis](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40822-026-00402-w) | [Eurasian economic review :](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/eurasian-economic-review.md) | Muhammad Mateen Naveed, Zeng Zheng Han, Liu Ting Li et al. | University of the Punjab; Beijing University of Technology |
| 2026-10-12 | [Artificial intelligence in credit markets: Algorithmic lending, financial inclusion, and regulatory arbitrage](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105937) | [International Review of Economics & Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics-finance.md) | Podong Song, Shutong Wu, Janson Partab | Kunming University; Yunnan University of Finance And Economics; Shanghai University of Finance and Economics; … |
| 2026-10-12 | [The influence of inflation on commercial bank performance: a systematic review](https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-026-01013-2) | [Future Business Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/future-business-journal.md) | Safwan Al-Dhobee, Mohammed Al-Rafaik, Ali Al-Oluki et al. | Sana'a University; Thamar University; Al-Razi University |
| 2026-10-12 | [Is state fragility a hindrance to trade openness in Africa?](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10368-026-00816-6) | [International Economics and Economic Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-economics-and-economic-policy.md) | Constant Fouopi Djiogap, Steves Brice Donald Mbah Njoh, Steve Douanla Meli | University of Namur; UCLouvain; University of Ngaoundéré |
| 2026-10-10 | [Innovation bridging sustainability: the role of digital finance, institutional policy stringency, and climate physical risks for advancing energy transformation](https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-026-00972-3) | [Financial Innovation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/financial-innovation.md) | Huma Iftikhar, Luo Guang, Ningyu Qian | Huazhong University of Science and Technology |
| 2026-10-10 | [Does social media deployment by local governments raise voters’ offline engagement – Evidence from the German state of Hesse](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2026.102247) | [The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/the-quarterly-review-of-economics-and-finance.md) | Abeer Ibtisam Aziz, Ivo Bischoff | University of Kassel |
| 2026-10-10 | [Productivity and employment adjustments in regional economic resilience](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-026-01576-6) | [The Annals of Regional Science](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/the-annals-of-regional-science.md) | Giulia Iannone, Ascani Andrea, Alessandra Faggian et al. | Gran Sasso Science Institute; West Virginia University |
| 2026-10-09 | [Overqualification in European labour markets: Club convergence and its determinants](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2026.107889) | [Economic Modelling](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/economic-modelling.md) | Maria Karantali, Theologos Pantelidis, Theodore Panagiotidis | University of Macedonia |
| 2026-10-08 | [Entrepreneurship development, corruption perception, and sustainable development outcomes in emerging economies: the moderating role of digital financial inclusion](https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-026-01019-w) | [Future Business Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/future-business-journal.md) | Seun Adebowale Adebanjo |  |
| 2026-10-08 | [Board gender diversity, cultural logics, and corporate tax behaviour](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2026.116579) | [Journal of Business Research](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-business-research.md) | Atia Hussain, Ammad Ahmed, Bao Thi Ngoc Nguyen | University of Sharjah |
| 2026-10-05 | [Government size, civic capital and economic performance: An O-ring approach](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2026.107885) | [Economic Modelling](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/economic-modelling.md) | Luciano Mauro, Francesco Pigliaru, Gaetano Carmeci | University of Trieste; University of Cagliari |
| 2026-10-05 | [Beyond productivity: Does ICT agglomeration drive regional eco-efficiency?](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2026.09.009) | [Structural Change and Economic Dynamics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/structural-change-and-economic-dynamics.md) | Maria Chiara D’Errico, Anna Maria Ferragina, Stefano Iandolo et al. | University of Perugia; University of Salerno; École Supérieure du Commerce Extérieur; … |
| 2026-10-04 | [Capital expenditure and sustainability performance among listed firms in Ghana: the mediating role of ESG disclosure quality](https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-026-01012-3) | [Future Business Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/future-business-journal.md) | Samuel Antwi, Prince Yeboah Boateng, Edward Asumadu et al. | University of Professional Studies |
| 2026-10-01 | [Thou shalt not fear: Crime drama and safety concerns](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2026.113318) | [Economics Letters](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/economics-letters.md) | Dariia Mykhailyshyna, David Zuchowski | Kyiv School of Economics; Universitat de València |
| 2026-10-01 | [Globalization channels and business cycle synchronization: The roles of capital mobility and China's bilateral trade](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.106000) | [International Review of Economics & Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics-finance.md) | Dong Yao, Wanyin Zhong, Liang Chen et al. | Chengdu Jincheng College; Chengdu Medical College |
| 2026-10-01 | [Climate Policy Stringency and the Repricing of Capital: Evidence on the Greenium, Financing Costs, and Carbon-Pricing Announcements](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105972) | [International Review of Economics & Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics-finance.md) | Xueyan Bai, Biao Liu, Yaming Liang et al. | Macquarie University; China University of Political Science and Law; Shanghai Jiao Tong University |
| 2026-10-01 | [Digital economy and Job Work frame: Industrial and Experience-Based Evidence from Emerging Market Economies](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105736) | [International Review of Economics & Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics-finance.md) | Chen Yu, Deli Wen | Nantong University; Nantong Science and Technology Bureau; Sichuan University |
| 2026-10-01 | [Patent agglomeration and environmental efficiency: effects and mechanisms in Africa](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2026.109647) | [Energy Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/energy-economics.md) | Rockson Sai, Hongping Yuan, Ebenezer Kwabena Takyi et al. | Guangzhou University; Environmental Protection Agency; Emory University; … |
| 2026-10-01 | [Digital Economy Development and Employment Structure in Emerging Market Nations: A Panel Econometric Analysis of Sectoral and Skill-Level Dynamics](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2026.102275) | [Journal of Asian Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-asian-economics.md) | Muhammad Umair, Ling Yang | Xi'an Jiaotong University |
| 2026-10-01 | [Evaluating dynamic efficiency: Multi-layer dynamic non-radial data envelopment analysis with time-lagged effect structure](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2026.09.046) | [European Journal of Operational Research](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/european-journal-of-operational-research.md) | Ying Zhang, Francesca Medda | University College London |
| 2026-10-01 | [Trade finance systems and global value chain participation: Global evidence with insights from Africa](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2026.101454) | [Economic Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/economic-systems.md) | Klavdij Logožar, Carin Strydom | University of Maribor; North-West University |
| 2026-10-01 | [Balancing stability and transparency: Macroprudential policies and opacity puzzle in banking](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2026.101980) | [The British Accounting Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/the-british-accounting-review.md) | Trang Nguyen Ha Cu, Chau H. A. Le, Luu Ngoc Hiep et al. | National Economics University; VNU University of Economics and Business; University of Lincoln; … |
| 2026-10-01 | [Deferred tax assets and banks’ risk: The role of accounting standards](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2026.110854) | [Finance research letters](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/finance-research-letters.md) | Tiago F. A. Matos, João C. A. Teixeira, Tiago M. Dutra et al. | Universidade dos Açores; Centro de Estudos de Economia Aplicada do Atlântico; Unidade de Investigação em Desenvolvimento Empresarial; … |
| 2026-10-01 | [Lobbying as a substitute for sustainability? Corporate political engagement and CO2 emissions](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105893) | [International Review of Economics & Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics-finance.md) | Simone Taddeo, Massimiliano Cerciello, R. Fatima et al. | CMCC Foundation - Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change; Parthenope University of Naples; HAN University of Applied Sciences; … |
| 2026-10-01 | [Finance, human capital, and regional inequality in Türkiye: unveiling convergence and growth dynamics](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-026-01577-5) | [The Annals of Regional Science](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/the-annals-of-regional-science.md) | Hasan Tutar, Arif Saldanlı, Yusuf Bahadır KAVAS et al. | Baku Engineering University; Beykent University; Istanbul University; … |
| 2026-10-01 | [Value capture without structural transformation: Evidence from China–Africa trade](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105931) | [International Review of Economics & Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics-finance.md) | Gizachew Dessalegn Gedefie, Tesfaye Lemma, Sanmang Wu et al. | China University of Geosciences; China University of Geosciences (Beijing); University of Gondar; … |
| 2026-10-01 | [Combining value-at-risk and expected-shortfall forecasts via the model confidence set](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2026.09.011) | [International Journal of Forecasting](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-journal-of-forecasting.md) | Alessandra Amendola, Vincenzo Candila, Antonio Naimoli et al. |  |
| 2026-09-30 | [Words that move markets: ECB presidential tone and euro area bank CDS spreads](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2026.101600) | [Journal of Financial Stability](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-financial-stability.md) | Dimitrios Anastasiou, Theodoros Bratis, Apostolos G. Katsafados et al. | Athens University of Economics and Business; University of Zurich; Swiss Finance Institute; … |
| 2026-09-29 | [Virtual asset regulation and tax revenue mobilisation in Sub-Saharan Africa: a panel analysis, 2019 to 2023](https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-026-01018-x) | [Future Business Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/future-business-journal.md) | Michael Tonbraladoh Sinebe, Victor Fegor Origho, OSAYANDE MONDAY et al. | Delta State University; Dennis Osadebay University; Edo State University Uzairue |
| 2026-09-29 | [Does climate risk matter for the financial and social efficiencies of microfinance institutions?](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105918) | [International Review of Economics & Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics-finance.md) | Zheng Chen, Junru Zhang | Curtin University; The University of Western Australia |
| 2026-09-29 | [Political uncertainty and international investment diversification: Cross country evidence](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2026.105426) | [International Review of Financial Analysis](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-financial-analysis.md) | Frank Obenpong Kwabi, Agyenim Boateng, Chizindu Wonu et al. | De Montfort University; Leeds Beckett University; Coventry University |
| 2026-09-29 | [Policy interactions and systemic stability: How monetary conditions influence macroprudential effectiveness?](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2026.107861) | [Economic Modelling](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/economic-modelling.md) | Lucas Souza Beppler, Régis Augusto Ely, Anderson Mutter Teixeira et al. | Universidade Federal de Pelotas; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Fundação Getulio Vargas |
| 2026-09-29 | [Energy transitions, informal economic pressures, and carbon dynamics: A multidecadal panel assessment of APEC's renewable–efficiency nexus](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105911) | [International Review of Economics & Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics-finance.md) | Hang Wang, Chunnan Wang, Zichen Liu | Beijing Technology and Business University; Nanjing Normal University |
| 2026-09-28 | [Energy transition under fragmentation: A threshold analysis of inclusive governance in developing economies](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2026.115623) | [Energy Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/energy-policy.md) | Muhammad Azam, Ahmed Imran Hunjra, Vijay Kumar et al. | International University of Rabat; IPAG Business School; University of Waikato; … |
| 2026-09-27 | [Do digital platforms delocalise consumer activity? Platform services, retail agglomeration and the localisation of neighbourhood dining and shopping](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2026.105121) | [Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-retailing-and-consumer-services.md) | Tianren Yang, Wenzhou Liu, Pengjun Zhao | Shenzhen University; University of Hong Kong; Peking University |
| 2026-09-27 | [Technological dynamism and labor investment efficiency: exploring strategic resilience](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-026-01067-0) | [Review of Managerial Science](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/review-of-managerial-science.md) | Mohamed Shaker Ahmed, Charilaos Mertzanis, Satish Kumar et al. | Al Ain University; Abu Dhabi University; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; … |

## Cite this page

Scholar4AI. (2026). Generalized method of moments (GMM). Journal Research Rankings. Retrieved October 26, 2026, from https://scholar4ai.com/equations/generalized-method-of-moments-gmm

```bibtex
@misc{scholar4ai-equations-generalized-method-of-moments-gmm,
  author = {{Scholar4AI}},
  title = {Generalized method of moments (GMM)},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://scholar4ai.com/equations/generalized-method-of-moments-gmm}},
  urldate = {2026-10-26},
  note = {Journal Research Rankings; data from OpenAlex (CC0); licensed CC BY-NC 4.0}
}
```

License: CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).