---
title: "Genetic algorithm: formula, variables and example"
description: "Genetic algorithm explained: variables, a worked example, related methods and assumptions. Search heuristic that evolves a population of solutions by selection, crossover and mutation."
url: https://scholar4ai.com/equations/genetic-algorithm
markdown_url: https://scholar4ai.com/equations/genetic-algorithm.md
license: CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
share_text: "Genetic algorithm explained: variables, a worked example, related methods and assumptions. Search heuristic that evolves a population of solutions by selection, crossover and mutation. (as of 2026-11-05)"
data_url: https://scholar4ai.com/data/rankings.json
updated: 2026-11-05T06:02:37+09:00
window: 2026-10-07 to 2026-11-05
source: OpenAlex (CC0)
---

# Genetic algorithm

$$
P(\text{select } i) = \frac{f_i}{\sum_j f_j}
$$

Search heuristic that evolves a population of solutions by selection, crossover and mutation.

- area: Optimization and metaheuristics
- 3 papers in the last 7 days
- Names searched for: genetic algorithm, NSGA-II

Back to the ranking: https://scholar4ai.com/rankings/equations.md

## Variables and notation

f_i is a nonnegative fitness score and the denominator total fitness; P(select i) is fitness-proportionate selection probability.

## Worked example

Fitness values (1,2,7) yield selection probabilities (0.1,0.2,0.7).

## Related methods and when to use them

Genetic algorithms evolve a population with selection, crossover and mutation; gradient descent follows derivatives. Roulette selection needs nonnegative scores and positive total fitness; this equation covers only selection, not the full algorithm.

## Sources and further reading

- [Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems](https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/1090.001.0001)

Examples use illustrative inputs, not observed research results. Logarithms are natural unless stated otherwise. Guide updated 2026-11-05. Prepared by Scholar4AI. [Editorial and verification policy](/editorial-policy).

## Key findings

- Genetic algorithm was mentioned in 59 papers in the last 30 days (2026-10-07 to 2026-11-05), ranking #17 of the 248 equations and models mentioned.
- By journal category: Operations Research (28), AI (23), Economics (4), Finance (2), Information Systems (1) and Statistics (1).
- Most of them appeared in Swarm and Evolutionary Computation (8), Computers & Industrial Engineering (6) and Applied Intelligence (4).
- Often mentioned together with Linear and integer programming (26), Vehicle routing problem (10) and Simulated annealing (10).
- Datasets named in the same papers: MIMIC (2), PhysioNet / MIT-BIH (2) and Eurostat (2).
- From Nov 2023 to Oct 2026, 3,280 archived papers mentioned Genetic algorithm in their title, abstract or keywords (the search of earlier months' full texts is still under way), most of them in Feb 2024 (136).
- From 2017 to 2026 (so far), Genetic algorithm was mentioned in 6,033 papers in the tracked journals, most of them in AI (3,045), operations research (2,375) and economics (188).
- 1,064 of them were published in 2025, against 338 in 2017.
- Since 2023, the institutions with the most of these papers were Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (87), Hong Kong Polytechnic University (50) and Huazhong University of Science and Technology (42).
- The journals publishing most of them were Expert Systems with Applications (373), Computers & Industrial Engineering (268) and Neural Computing and Applications (258).
- The most-cited of them is “Evolving Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Image Classification” (IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 2019), with 781 citations.

## Mentions over 36 months

*Papers mentioning it by publication month, Nov 2023 to Oct 2026 (titles, abstracts and keywords; the full texts of earlier months are still being searched)*

| Trend | Nov 23–Oct 24 | Nov 24–Oct 25 | Nov 25–Oct 26 | 36 months |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|
|  | 1,146 | 1,124 | 1,010 | 3,280 |

## Papers per year

*Papers per publication year and category*

| Category | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 (so far) |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|
| [AI](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/ai.md) | 189 | 156 | 175 | 235 | 221 | 300 | 298 | 589 | 543 | 339 |
| [Operations Research](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/operations-research.md) | 120 | 161 | 124 | 145 | 145 | 180 | 225 | 452 | 414 | 409 |
| [Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/economics.md) | 8 | 5 | 9 | 12 | 19 | 13 | 14 | 36 | 43 | 29 |
| [Information Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/information-systems.md) | 12 | 7 | 10 | 14 | 6 | 16 | 16 | 27 | 15 | 19 |
| [Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/finance.md) | 3 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 12 | 21 | 18 | 25 |
| [Management](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/management.md) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 28 | 23 | 19 |
| [Statistics](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/statistics.md) | 2 | 3 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 15 |
| [Higher Education and Research](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/higher-education-and-research.md) | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
| [Marketing](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/marketing.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 1 |
| [Tourism and Hospitality](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/tourism-and-hospitality.md) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| [Health Economics and Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/health-economics-and-policy.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| [Accounting](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/accounting.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| All categories | 338 | 336 | 333 | 425 | 407 | 521 | 581 | 1,167 | 1,064 | 861 |

## Where the papers come from

*Journals with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Journal | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [Expert Systems with Applications](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/expert-systems-with-applications.md) | 373 |
| 2 | [Computers & Industrial Engineering](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/computers-industrial-engineering.md) | 268 |
| 3 | [Neural Computing and Applications](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/neural-computing-and-applications.md) | 258 |
| 4 | [Artificial Intelligence Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/artificial-intelligence-review.md) | 209 |
| 5 | [Annals of Operations Research](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/annals-of-operations-research.md) | 178 |
| 6 | [Computers & Operations Research](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/computers-operations-research.md) | 167 |
| 7 | [European Journal of Operational Research](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/european-journal-of-operational-research.md) | 122 |
| 8 | [Swarm and Evolutionary Computation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/swarm-and-evolutionary-computation.md) | 120 |
| 9 | [IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/ieee-transactions-on-evolutionary-computation.md) | 116 |
| 10 | [Journal Of Big Data](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-big-data.md) | 93 |

*Institutions with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Institution | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/centre-national-de-la-recherche-scientifique.md) | 87 |
| 2 | [Hong Kong Polytechnic University](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/hong-kong-polytechnic-university.md) | 50 |
| 3 | [Huazhong University of Science and Technology](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/huazhong-university-of-science-and-technology.md) | 42 |
| 4 | [Eindhoven University of Technology](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/eindhoven-university-of-technology.md) | 41 |
| 5 | [Tsinghua University](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/tsinghua-university.md) | 39 |
| 6 | [University College London](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/university-college-london.md) | 37 |
| 7 | [University of Tehran](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/university-of-tehran.md) | 35 |
| 8 | [Beihang University](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/beihang-university.md) | 30 |
| 9 | [Ghent University](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/ghent-university.md) | 30 |
| 10 | [Xi'an Jiaotong University](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/xi-an-jiaotong-university.md) | 30 |

*Countries with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Country | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | China | 1,128 |
| 2 | United Kingdom | 398 |
| 3 | United States | 332 |
| 4 | India | 215 |
| 5 | Turkey | 214 |
| 6 | Germany | 213 |
| 7 | Spain | 211 |
| 8 | France | 206 |
| 9 | Italy | 197 |
| 10 | Iran | 179 |

*Keywords with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Keyword | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [genetic algorithm](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/genetic-algorithm.md) | 727 |
| 2 | [multi-objective optimization](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/multi-objective-optimization.md) | 454 |
| 3 | NSGA-II | 355 |
| 4 | [metaheuristic optimization](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/metaheuristic-optimization.md) | 207 |
| 5 | hybrid genetic algorithm | 177 |
| 6 | [mixed-integer linear programming](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/mixed-integer-linear-programming.md) | 145 |
| 7 | [feature selection](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/feature-selection.md) | 144 |
| 8 | [makespan minimization](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/makespan-minimization.md) | 125 |
| 9 | [particle swarm optimization](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization.md) | 118 |
| 10 | bi-objective optimization | 112 |

## Most-cited papers

*Most-cited papers since 2017*

| # | Citations | Per month | Title | Journal | Published | Authors |
|---:|---:|---:|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 781 | 8.7 | [Evolving Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Image Classification](https://doi.org/10.1109/tevc.2019.2916183) | [IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/ieee-transactions-on-evolutionary-computation.md) | 2019-05-10 | Yanan Sun, Bing Xue, Mengjie Zhang et al. |
| 2 | 778 | 14.6 | [A comparative analysis of K-Nearest Neighbor, Genetic, Support Vector Machine, Decision Tree, and Long Short Term Memory algorithms in machine learning](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dajour.2022.100071) | [Decision Analytics Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/decision-analytics-journal.md) | 2022-05-27 | Malti Bansal, Apoorva Goyal, Apoorva Choudhary |
| 3 | 748 | 18.4 | [A comprehensive survey on NSGA-II for multi-objective optimization and applications](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-023-10526-z) | [Artificial Intelligence Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/artificial-intelligence-review.md) | 2023-06-16 | Haiping Ma, Yajing Zhang, Shengyi Sun et al. |
| 4 | 720 | 6.8 | [Adaptive network based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) training approaches: a comprehensive survey](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-017-9610-2) | [Artificial Intelligence Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/artificial-intelligence-review.md) | 2018-01-03 | Derviş Karaboğa, Ebubekir Kaya |
| 5 | 716 | 9.0 | [Evolutionary algorithms and their applications to engineering problems](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-020-04832-8) | [Neural Computing and Applications](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/neural-computing-and-applications.md) | 2020-03-16 | Adam Słowik, Halina Kwaśnicka |
| 6 | 716 | 17.0 | [Path planning techniques for mobile robots: Review and prospect](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2023.120254) | [Expert Systems with Applications](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/expert-systems-with-applications.md) | 2023-05-03 | Lixing Liu, Xu Wang, Xin Yang et al. |
| 7 | 700 | 7.0 | [Dendritic Neuron Model With Effective Learning Algorithms for Classification, Approximation, and Prediction](https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2018.2846646) | [IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/ieee-transactions-on-neural-networks-and-learning-systems.md) | 2018-07-10 | Shangce Gao, MengChu Zhou, Yirui Wang et al. |
| 8 | 611 | 19.4 | [Black-winged kite algorithm: a nature-inspired meta-heuristic for solving benchmark functions and engineering problems](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-024-10723-4) | [Artificial Intelligence Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/artificial-intelligence-review.md) | 2024-03-23 | Jun Wang, Wenchuan Wang, Xiao-xue Hu et al. |
| 9 | 555 | 7.5 | [A self-learning genetic algorithm based on reinforcement learning for flexible job-shop scheduling problem](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2020.106778) | [Computers & Industrial Engineering](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/computers-industrial-engineering.md) | 2020-08-29 | Ronghua Chen, Bo Yuan Yang, Li Shi et al. |
| 10 | 522 | 16.4 | [Federated learning for medical image analysis: A survey](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2024.110424) | [Pattern Recognition](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pattern-recognition.md) | 2024-03-12 | Hao Guan, Pew‐Thian Yap, Andrea Bozoki et al. |

Archive counts by publication year: a paper counts when its title, abstract or keywords name the equation, or when OpenAlex's full-text search finds it there (searched for the last 30 days' papers and, by a pass over the past years, for older ones). Names added to the list later are looked for in older papers as the archive is read again.

*Papers mentioning Genetic algorithm, newest first. Newest 50 of 59 papers; all of them are in /data/papers.json.*

| Date | Title | Journal | Authors | Affiliations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-11-01 | [Constraint-Search Collaborative Genetic Algorithm for Bayesian Network Structure Learning](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2026.104655) | [Artificial Intelligence](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/artificial-intelligence.md) | Zuowei He, Hengyang Lu, Shuwei Zhu et al. | Jiangnan University; Michigan State University |
| 2026-10-31 | [Evolutionary memory-guided co-evolution of search and reasoning for manufacturing value chain scheduling](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swevo.2026.102590) | [Swarm and Evolutionary Computation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/swarm-and-evolutionary-computation.md) | Wenjun Xu, Shuang Zheng, Kaipu Wang et al. | Wuhan University of Technology |
| 2026-10-31 | [Robust mask-based appointment scheduling in primary care practices](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10729-026-09789-z) | [Health Care Management Science](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/health-care-management-science.md) | Sabrina Schmitz, Martin Comis, Christina Büsing | RWTH Aachen University |
| 2026-10-29 | [Distribution-guided evolution and tail-adaptive search for robust portfolio optimization](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swevo.2026.102581) | [Swarm and Evolutionary Computation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/swarm-and-evolutionary-computation.md) | Tanuja Mathpal, Arun Kumar | Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology |
| 2026-10-28 | [A multi-objective neural architecture search method based on performance predictors for constructing interpretable cognitive diagnosis models in intelligent education](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-026-07565-8) | [Applied Intelligence](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/applied-intelligence.md) | Zenglin Qiao, Ali Asghar Heidari, Xinchao Zhao et al. | Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications; Liaocheng University; University of Tehran; … |
| 2026-10-27 | [A KL-Divergence Weighted GRAS Algorithm for Input–Output Table Updating](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10614-026-11447-z) | [Computational Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/computational-economics.md) | Ziyan Zou, Hechen Ju, Zhibin Sun et al. | Nanjing Normal University; Wuzhou University; Loyola University Maryland; … |
| 2026-10-27 | [On Convexity and Optimization Approaches for Electric Vehicle Charging Scheduling Under Time-of-Use Pricing](https://doi.org/10.1007/s43069-026-00711-5) | [Operations Research Forum](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/operations-research-forum.md) | Heena Jain, Churlzu Lim | University of North Carolina at Charlotte |
| 2026-10-27 | [A Q-learning enhanced multi-objective memetic algorithm for vehicle routing with simultaneous pickup-delivery and time windows](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swevo.2026.102582) | [Swarm and Evolutionary Computation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/swarm-and-evolutionary-computation.md) | 赖雪瑜, Yalan Zhou | Guangdong University Of Finances and Economics; Guangdong University of Finance |
| 2026-10-26 | [From unimodal to multimodal deep physiological signal analysis in healthcare: A survey of models, fusion and explainability](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2026.117256) | [Knowledge-Based Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/knowledge-based-systems.md) | Thilini Bakmeedeniya, Selvarajah Thuseethan, Roshan Ragel et al. | University of Peradeniya; NSBM Green University; Charles Darwin University |
| 2026-10-26 | [Resilience-based network design optimization under aleatory uncertainty](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2026.112478) | [Computers & Industrial Engineering](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/computers-industrial-engineering.md) | Kais Zaman, Tavila Sharmin, Faisal Mahmud | Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology; North Carolina State University; Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology |
| 2026-10-26 | [ChiSao: A fully GPU-resident optimizer for cataloguing the modes of multimodal black-box functions](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swevo.2026.102574) | [Swarm and Evolutionary Computation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/swarm-and-evolutionary-computation.md) | Ira Wolfson | Braude College of Engineering Karmiel |
| 2026-10-26 | [A multilane macroscopic framework for mixed traffic: Addressing inter-lane flow imbalance and CAV effects at freeway merging bottlenecks](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2026.103626) | [Transportation Research Part B Methodological](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/transportation-research-part-b-methodological.md) | Kangning Hou, Fangfang Zheng, Xiaobo Liu | Southwest Jiaotong University |
| 2026-10-26 | [Quality versus quantity: including imperfect training data improves prediction of user satisfaction in software projects](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-026-02898-9) | [Knowledge and Information Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/knowledge-and-information-systems.md) | Łukasz Radliński | West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin |
| 2026-10-26 | [Even flow in dynamic networks for wastewater treatment](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-026-07461-x) | [Annals of Operations Research](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/annals-of-operations-research.md) | Antton Kasslin, Jeremias Berg | University of Helsinki |
| 2026-10-26 | [Routing, scheduling, and synchronization of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with bus hitchhiking for last-mile parcel delivery](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2026.106095) | [Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/transportation-research-part-c-emerging-technologies.md) | Yizhi Zhen, Fangni Zhang, Yong‐Hong Kuo et al. | University of Hong Kong; Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School; Tsinghua University |
| 2026-10-26 | [Community-based strategies for user-driven competitive influence maximization in social networks](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-026-02928-6) | [Knowledge and Information Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/knowledge-and-information-systems.md) | Rahul Kumar Gautam | GLA University |
| 2026-10-25 | [GANCS: GAT-enhanced PPO warm-starting of NSGA-III for energy- and SLA-aware cloud workflow scheduling](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swevo.2026.102565) | [Swarm and Evolutionary Computation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/swarm-and-evolutionary-computation.md) | Amine Chraibi | Université Ibn Zohr |
| 2026-10-25 | [A bi-level reinforcement learning-driven adaptive genetic algorithm for dynamic flexible job shop scheduling in complex product manufacturing](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swevo.2026.102576) | [Swarm and Evolutionary Computation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/swarm-and-evolutionary-computation.md) | Qingyang Jia, Jennifer Li Jennifer Li, Yajie Dou et al. | National University of Defense Technology; Xidian University |
| 2026-10-24 | [Timebox-enhanced evolutionary algorithm for electric vehicle–drone routing problem with drone stations and time windows](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swevo.2026.102580) | [Swarm and Evolutionary Computation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/swarm-and-evolutionary-computation.md) | Setyo Tri Windras Mara, Ruhul Amin Sarker, Saber Mohammed Elsayed et al. | UNSW Canberra; University of Sharjah; Basque Center for Applied Mathematics; … |
| 2026-10-24 | [Data-driven budget optimization for team sports](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjimei.2026.100456) | [International Journal of Information Management Data Insights](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-journal-of-information-management-data-insights.md) | Christos Spyropoulos, Polychronis Εconomou, Sotiris Bersimis | University of Piraeus; University of Patras |
| 2026-10-24 | [A multi-stage multi-level attention-based feature learning framework for multi-endpoint survival prediction in head and neck cancer](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-026-07392-x) | [Applied Intelligence](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/applied-intelligence.md) | Xiaoying Pan, Xingzhao Pan, Lin Bai et al. | Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications; University of California, Los Angeles |
| 2026-10-24 | [Genetic algorithm based approaches for solving hybrid flowshop scheduling problem under production leveling based lot streaming strategy](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10696-026-09690-5) | [Flexible Services and Manufacturing Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/flexible-services-and-manufacturing-journal.md) | Murat ÇOLAK, Gülşen Aydın Keskin | Kocaeli Üniversitesi; Balıkesir University |
| 2026-10-24 | [Change-aware contrastive learning framework for dynamic multi-objective optimization](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2026.124331) | [Information Sciences](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/information-sciences.md) | Hao Lin, Feng Shen, Qingbo Hao et al. | Inner Mongolia University of Technology; Tianjin University of Technology |
| 2026-10-23 | [Dynamic prediction of loss given default in Norwegian retail credit card debt: advanced machine learning versus statistical models](https://doi.org/10.1007/s42521-026-00230-2) | [Digital Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/digital-finance.md) | Cathy Ho, Isabel A. C. Sandersen, Espen Selliken et al. | Norwegian University of Science and Technology |
| 2026-10-22 | [Learning-based bi-level optimization algorithm for collaborative scheduling of production and transportation in a reconfigurable assembly job shop](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2026.112473) | [Computers & Industrial Engineering](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/computers-industrial-engineering.md) | Lixin Cheng, Chao Wu, Yu Zhang et al. | Wuhan University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Ship Development & Design Institute |
| 2026-10-20 | [A new hierarchical matheuristic applied to the helicopter routing problems (HRP)](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10732-026-09609-1) | [Journal of Heuristics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-heuristics.md) | André Machado, Rodrigo Rosa, Hendrigo Venes et al. | Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo |
| 2026-10-19 | [A systematic literature review of bank failure prediction models](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.finr.2026.100186) | [Finance Research Open](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/finance-research-open.md) | Japheth Jev, Lukman Akanbi, Muhammad Bilal et al. | Birmingham City University; Birmingham Newman University; University of Greater Manchester |
| 2026-10-19 | [An intelligent scheduling system for heterogeneous UAV multi-trip delivery: A two-phase hybrid metaheuristic for makespan minimisation](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.134804) | [Expert Systems with Applications](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/expert-systems-with-applications.md) | Jiao Zhang, Kuru Ratnavelu, Raenu Kolandaisamy et al. | Krirk University; UCSI University |
| 2026-10-19 | [A boundary expansion local search framework for enhancing diversity of MOEAs in multi-objective combinatorial optimization](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swevo.2026.102572) | [Swarm and Evolutionary Computation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/swarm-and-evolutionary-computation.md) | Xuepeng Ren, Shengxiang Yang, Guangming Dai et al. | China University of Geosciences; De Montfort University |
| 2026-10-19 | [Sustainable portfolio optimization with four objectives: Assessing the role of diversification](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orp.2026.100420) | [Operations Research Perspectives](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/operations-research-perspectives.md) | Ana Garcı́a-Bernabeu, Adolfo Hilario-Caballero, Francesca Luciani | Universitat Politècnica de València; Roma Tre University |
| 2026-10-17 | [A two-stage ensemble learning framework for imbalanced classification via feature and ensemble selection](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.134738) | [Expert Systems with Applications](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/expert-systems-with-applications.md) | Pengcheng Liu | Southwest Jiaotong University |
| 2026-10-17 | [MO-UDRL-H: hybrid Pareto-safe distributional reinforcement learning for multi-objective cloud task allocation](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-026-07534-1) | [Applied Intelligence](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/applied-intelligence.md) | Chunhui Xu, Chundi Hu | Zhejiang University |
| 2026-10-16 | [A game-theoretic approach for the retailer-third party multiple market-site capture competition in an end-of-life product collection system](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12351-026-01121-5) | [Operational Research](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/operational-research.md) | Maryam Ziaei, Mariam Ameli, Morteza Rasti−Barzoki et al. | Kharazmi University; Isfahan University of Technology; Amirkabir University of Technology |
| 2026-10-16 | [A mixed-integer linear programming approach to container terminal layout optimization: application to the port of Piraeus](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12351-026-01103-7) | [Operational Research](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/operational-research.md) | Konstantinos Charalampidis, Ιωάννης Καμπούρης, Tatiana P. Moschovou | National Technical University of Athens |
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## Cite this page

Scholar4AI. (2026). Genetic algorithm. Journal and Conference Research Rankings. Retrieved November 5, 2026, from https://scholar4ai.com/equations/genetic-algorithm

```bibtex
@misc{scholar4ai-equations-genetic-algorithm,
  author = {{Scholar4AI}},
  title = {Genetic algorithm},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://scholar4ai.com/equations/genetic-algorithm}},
  urldate = {2026-11-05},
  note = {Journal and Conference Research Rankings; data from OpenAlex (CC0); licensed CC BY-NC 4.0}
}
```

License: CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).