---
title: "Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER)"
description: "Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) explained: variables, a worked example, related methods and assumptions. Extra cost per extra unit of health (often per QALY) of a treatment compared with the alternative."
url: https://scholar4ai.com/equations/incremental-cost-effectiveness-ratio-icer
markdown_url: https://scholar4ai.com/equations/incremental-cost-effectiveness-ratio-icer.md
license: CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
share_text: "Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) explained: variables, a worked example, related methods and assumptions. Extra cost per extra unit of health (often per QALY) of a treatment compared with the alternative. (as of 2026-11-05)"
data_url: https://scholar4ai.com/data/rankings.json
updated: 2026-11-05T06:02:37+09:00
window: 2026-10-07 to 2026-11-05
source: OpenAlex (CC0)
---

# Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER)

$$
ICER = \frac{C_1 - C_0}{E_1 - E_0}
$$

Extra cost per extra unit of health (often per QALY) of a treatment compared with the alternative.

- area: Health economics
- 1 paper in the last 7 days
- Names searched for: incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, incremental cost effectiveness ratio, ICER

Back to the ranking: https://scholar4ai.com/rankings/equations.md

## Variables and notation

C1−C0 is incremental cost and E1−E0 incremental health benefit of intervention 1 versus comparator 0; ICER is their ratio.

## Worked example

An additional cost of 1,000 and gain of 0.05 QALYs give ICER=1,000/0.05=20,000 per QALY.

## Related methods and when to use them

ICER is a cost per incremental benefit; net monetary benefit converts benefit using a stated willingness-to-pay threshold. Negative ratios are ambiguous without the cost/effect quadrant; dominance should be checked separately.

## Sources and further reading

- [NICE health technology evaluations manual — incremental cost-effectiveness analysis](https://www.nice.org.uk/process/pmg36/chapter/economic-evaluation)

Examples use illustrative inputs, not observed research results. Logarithms are natural unless stated otherwise. Guide updated 2026-11-05. Prepared by Scholar4AI. [Editorial and verification policy](/editorial-policy).

## Key findings

- Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was mentioned in 26 papers in the last 30 days (2026-10-07 to 2026-11-05), ranking #60 of the 248 equations and models mentioned.
- By journal category: Health Economics and Policy (26).
- Most of them appeared in The European Journal of Health Economics (6), Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation (6) and PharmacoEconomics - Open (5).
- Often mentioned together with Quality-adjusted life year (QALY) (17), Decision tree (CART) (4) and Disability-adjusted life year (DALY) (2).
- Datasets named in the same papers: Global Burden of Disease (3), WITS / TRAINS tariff data (2) and China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) (1).
- From Nov 2023 to Oct 2026, 536 archived papers mentioned Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) in their title, abstract, keywords or full text, most of them in Oct 2026 (30).
- From 2017 to 2026 (so far), Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was mentioned in 946 papers in the tracked journals, most of them in health economics and policy (933), statistics (8) and operations research (3).
- 167 of them were published in 2025, against 37 in 2017.
- Since 2023, the institutions with the most of these papers were University of York (29), Erasmus University Rotterdam (21) and University of Groningen (20).
- The journals publishing most of them were Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation (152), PharmacoEconomics (118) and PharmacoEconomics - Open (99).
- The most-cited of them is “Perspective and Costing in Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, 1974–2018” (PharmacoEconomics, 2020), with 279 citations.

## Mentions over 36 months

*Papers mentioning it by publication month, Nov 2023 to Oct 2026 (titles, abstracts, keywords and full texts)*

| Trend | Nov 23–Oct 24 | Nov 24–Oct 25 | Nov 25–Oct 26 | 36 months |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|
|  | 161 | 146 | 229 | 536 |

## Papers per year

*Papers per publication year and category*

| Category | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 (so far) |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|
| [Health Economics and Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/health-economics-and-policy.md) | 35 | 58 | 56 | 47 | 68 | 68 | 99 | 149 | 166 | 187 |
| [Statistics](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/statistics.md) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| [Operations Research](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/operations-research.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| [AI](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/ai.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| [Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/economics.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| All categories | 37 | 58 | 56 | 49 | 70 | 68 | 99 | 153 | 167 | 189 |

## Where the papers come from

*Journals with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Journal | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/cost-effectiveness-and-resource-allocation.md) | 152 |
| 2 | [PharmacoEconomics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics.md) | 118 |
| 3 | [PharmacoEconomics - Open](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics-open.md) | 99 |
| 4 | [Health Economics Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/health-economics-review.md) | 67 |
| 5 | [Applied Health Economics and Health Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/applied-health-economics-and-health-policy.md) | 66 |
| 6 | [The European Journal of Health Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/the-european-journal-of-health-economics.md) | 58 |
| 7 | [Implementation Science](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/implementation-science.md) | 15 |
| 8 | [Social Science & Medicine](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/social-science-medicine.md) | 6 |
| 9 | [Health and Quality of Life Outcomes](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/health-and-quality-of-life-outcomes.md) | 6 |
| 10 | [Health Policy and Technology](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/health-policy-and-technology.md) | 4 |

*Institutions with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Institution | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [University of York](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/university-of-york.md) | 29 |
| 2 | [Erasmus University Rotterdam](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/erasmus-university-rotterdam.md) | 21 |
| 3 | [University of Groningen](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/university-of-groningen.md) | 20 |
| 4 | [Monash University](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/monash-university.md) | 19 |
| 5 | [University of Sheffield](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/university-of-sheffield.md) | 19 |
| 6 | University Medical Center Groningen | 18 |
| 7 | [Harvard University](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/harvard-university.md) | 17 |
| 8 | [University of Oxford](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/university-of-oxford.md) | 17 |
| 9 | Karolinska Institutet | 14 |
| 10 | [London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/london-school-of-hygiene-tropical-medicine.md) | 14 |

*Countries with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Country | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | United Kingdom | 163 |
| 2 | United States | 120 |
| 3 | Netherlands | 77 |
| 4 | China | 68 |
| 5 | Australia | 67 |
| 6 | Germany | 46 |
| 7 | Switzerland | 44 |
| 8 | Canada | 41 |
| 9 | Spain | 32 |
| 10 | Sweden | 28 |

*Keywords with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Keyword | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [cost-effectiveness](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/cost-effectiveness.md) | 436 |
| 2 | [quality-adjusted life years](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/quality-adjusted-life-years.md) | 295 |
| 3 | incremental cost-effectiveness ratio | 132 |
| 4 | Markov model | 89 |
| 5 | [health technology assessment](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/health-technology-assessment.md) | 80 |
| 6 | willingness-to-pay threshold | 60 |
| 7 | cost-utility analysis | 59 |
| 8 | [health care costs](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/health-care-costs.md) | 54 |
| 9 | economic evaluation | 44 |
| 10 | [health-related quality of life](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/health-related-quality-of-life.md) | 37 |

## Most-cited papers

*Most-cited papers since 2017*

| # | Citations | Per month | Title | Journal | Published | Authors |
|---:|---:|---:|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 279 | 3.7 | [Perspective and Costing in Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, 1974–2018](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-020-00942-2) | [PharmacoEconomics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics.md) | 2020-07-22 | David D. Kim, Madison C. Silver, Natalia Kunst et al. |
| 2 | 235 | 2.2 | [Estimating the Reference Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio for the Australian Health System](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-017-0585-2) | [PharmacoEconomics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics.md) | 2017-12-22 | Laura Catherine Edney, Hossein Haji Ali Afzali, Terence Chai Cheng et al. |
| 3 | 147 | 1.9 | [Calculating and Interpreting ICERs and Net Benefit](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-020-00914-6) | [PharmacoEconomics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics.md) | 2020-05-10 | Mike Paulden |
| 4 | 143 | 4.8 | [An overview of the perspectives used in health economic evaluations](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12962-024-00552-1) | [Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/cost-effectiveness-and-resource-allocation.md) | 2024-05-14 | Manit Sittimart, Waranya Rattanavipapong, Andrew J. Mirelman et al. |
| 5 | 125 | 1.2 | [Looking back and moving forward: On the application of proportional shortfall in healthcare priority setting in the Netherlands](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2018.04.001) | [Health Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/health-policy.md) | 2018-04-07 | Vivian Reckers‐Droog, Job N. A. van Exel, Werner B. F. Brouwer |
| 6 | 98 | 1.6 | [Estimation of the cost-effective threshold of a quality-adjusted life year in China based on the value of statistical life](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-021-01384-z) | [The European Journal of Health Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/the-european-journal-of-health-economics.md) | 2021-10-16 | Dan Cai, Si Shi, Shan Jiang et al. |
| 7 | 78 | 1.1 | [The Cost-Effectiveness of Kidney Replacement Therapy Modalities: A Systematic Review of Full Economic Evaluations](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-020-00614-4) | [Applied Health Economics and Health Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/applied-health-economics-and-health-policy.md) | 2020-10-13 | Fei Yang, Meixia Liao, Pusheng Wang et al. |
| 8 | 70 | 0.7 | [Family Spillover Effects in Pediatric Cost-Utility Analyses](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-018-0436-0) | [Applied Health Economics and Health Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/applied-health-economics-and-health-policy.md) | 2018-10-22 | Tara A. Lavelle, Brittany N. D’Cruz, Babak Mohit et al. |
| 9 | 69 | 0.7 | [Cost Effectiveness of Nusinersen in the Treatment of Patients with Infantile-Onset and Later-Onset Spinal Muscular Atrophy in Sweden](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-019-00769-6) | [PharmacoEconomics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics.md) | 2019-02-04 | Santiago Zuluaga-Sanchez, Megan Teynor, Christopher Knight et al. |
| 10 | 69 | 0.8 | [Family and Caregiver Spillover Effects in Cost-Utility Analyses of Alzheimer’s Disease Interventions](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-019-00788-3) | [PharmacoEconomics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics.md) | 2019-03-22 | Pei‐Jung Lin, Brittany N. D’Cruz, Ashley A. Leech et al. |

Archive counts by publication year: a paper counts when its title, abstract or keywords name the equation, or when OpenAlex's full-text search finds it there (searched for the last 30 days' papers and, by a pass over the past years, for older ones). Names added to the list later are looked for in older papers as the archive is read again.

*Papers mentioning Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), newest first.*

| Date | Title | Journal | Authors | Affiliations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-10-30 | [Economic Evaluation Methods in Post-Injury Care: A Global Systematic Review and Critical Appraisal of Their Suitability for Decision-Making](https://doi.org/10.1007/s41669-026-00688-1) | [PharmacoEconomics - Open](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics-open.md) | Francis Kwame Salman, Janet Ncube, Laura Bojke et al. | Stellenbosch University; University of York; University of Birmingham |
| 2026-10-29 | [A consistency criterion for EQ-5D-5L bolt-on valuation](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-026-02009-z) | [The European Journal of Health Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/the-european-journal-of-health-economics.md) | Michał Jakubczyk, Fanni Rencz, Kim Rand | SGH Warsaw School of Economics; Corvinus University of Budapest; EuroQol Research Foundation; … |
| 2026-10-28 | [Economic evaluation of pertuzumab in early versus late settings of HER2-positive breast cancer: a systematic review](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-026-02007-1) | [The European Journal of Health Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/the-european-journal-of-health-economics.md) | Sandra Hembrecht, Gavin Paul Dowling, Sarah Chiodo et al. | Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland |
| 2026-10-28 | [A Model-Based Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Abrocitinib Compared with Upadacitinib and Baricitinib for Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis: A UK Healthcare Perspective](https://doi.org/10.1007/s41669-026-00693-4) | [PharmacoEconomics - Open](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics-open.md) | Gulraj S. Matharu, Boglárka Mikudina, Karim Amer et al. | Pfizer (United Kingdom); Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; University of Manchester; … |
| 2026-10-27 | [Initiating Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis Compared with In-Centre Haemodialysis in the United Kingdom: A Cost-Utility and Budget Impact Analysis](https://doi.org/10.1007/s41669-026-00692-5) | [PharmacoEconomics - Open](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics-open.md) | Tara Danying Li, C. Rinciog, Araadhna Sinha et al. | University of Sheffield; Keele University; Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust |
| 2026-10-26 | [Economic Evaluation of an E-Dengue Early Warning System for Proactive Dengue Prevention in the Mekong Delta Region, Vietnam: A Protocol](https://doi.org/10.1007/s41669-026-00691-6) | [PharmacoEconomics - Open](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics-open.md) | Trinh Manh Hung, Kim-Huong Nguyen, Hugo C. Turner et al. | The University of Queensland; Trinity College Dublin; Imperial College London; … |
| 2026-10-26 | [Cost-effectiveness of antiviral therapies for hospitalized COVID-19 patients at Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Indonesia: a retrospective real-world analysis](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12962-026-00847-5) | [Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/cost-effectiveness-and-resource-allocation.md) | Cherry Rahayu, Rano Kurnia Sinuraya, Vesara Ardhe Gatera et al. | Padjadjaran University |
| 2026-10-26 | [Families caring for children and adolescents with rare disease: a health economic evaluation of face-to-face and online psychosocial support intervention of the randomized controlled CARE-FAM-NET study](https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-026-00883-0) | [Health Economics Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/health-economics-review.md) | Nicolas Pardey, Kristine Kreis, Anna Leidger et al. | Leibniz University Hannover; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; University Hospital Ulm; … |
| 2026-10-24 | [Modelling the potential contributions of polygenic risk stratification to cost-effective screening for prostate cancer](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-026-01969-6) | [The European Journal of Health Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/the-european-journal-of-health-economics.md) | Padraig Dixon, Jonathan J. Aning, Richard Michael Martin et al. | University of Oxford; North Bristol NHS Trust; University of Bristol; … |
| 2026-10-23 | [Approaches to utility value assessment in NICE technology appraisals of targeted therapies for non-small-cell lung cancer: a critical examination and recommendations](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-026-01954-z) | [The European Journal of Health Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/the-european-journal-of-health-economics.md) | Lotte Westerink, Maarten Jacobus Postma, Job F. M. van Boven et al. | University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Universitas Airlangga; … |
| 2026-10-23 | [A cost-effectiveness analysis of trastuzumab deruxtecan for HER2-low metastatic breast cancer: applying a Saudi economic evaluation guideline](https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-026-00887-w) | [Health Economics Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/health-economics-review.md) | Fatma Maraiki, Tusneem Ahmed M. Elhassan, Shouki N. Bazarbashi et al. | Griffith University; Alfaisal University; King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre; … |
| 2026-10-22 | [Patient-Centered Value Elements in the Economic Evaluation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A Targeted Review of Cost-Effectiveness Analyses](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-026-01662-9) | [PharmacoEconomics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics.md) | Nabin Poudel, Leah Lodise, Jiwon Oh et al. | University of Maryland, Baltimore |
| 2026-10-22 | [Towards meaningful outcome measures for health economic evaluations in skin cancer](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12962-026-00855-5) | [Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/cost-effectiveness-and-resource-allocation.md) | Annick Meertens, Lieven Annemans, Floor Verstraete et al. | Ghent University Hospital; Ghent University; Cancer Research Institute Ghent |
| 2026-10-20 | [Cost-effectiveness of iStent-based trabecular micro-bypass stenting combined with cataract surgery in mild-to-moderate open-angle glaucoma: a systematic review of analytic perspectives and time horizons](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12962-026-00846-6) | [Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/cost-effectiveness-and-resource-allocation.md) | Dan Drobin | Karolinska Institutet |
| 2026-10-20 | [Economic evaluation of the Be-Prox anti-bullying intervention in Norwegian early childhood education and care settings: an exploratory partial within-trial cost-effectiveness analysis alongside a cluster randomised controlled trial](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12962-026-00854-6) | [Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/cost-effectiveness-and-resource-allocation.md) | Renira C. Angeles, Ingrid Kvestad, Merete Aasheim et al. | NORCE Research AS; UiT The Arctic University of Norway |
| 2026-10-20 | [Short-term cost-effectiveness of siltartoxatug versus human tetanus immunoglobulin for post-traumatic tetanus prophylaxis in Chinese adults: a trial-based economic evaluation](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12962-026-00841-x) | [Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/cost-effectiveness-and-resource-allocation.md) | Jianrun Zhang, Yuan Xiao, Liwu Huang et al. | First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou First People's Hospital; South China University of Technology; … |
| 2026-10-16 | [Cost Effectiveness of Sertraline for Preventing Domestic Violence Reoffending Among Highly Impulsive Violent Offenders in Australia: A Trial-Based Economic Evaluation](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-026-01080-0) | [Applied Health Economics and Health Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/applied-health-economics-and-health-policy.md) | Emaediong Ibong Akpanekpo, Georgina Mary Chambers, Lee Knight et al. | UNSW Sydney; Centre for Big Data Research in Health; Hunter New England Local Health District; … |
| 2026-10-15 | [Dutch policymakers’ views on what justifies involving children in health state valuation: A Q-methodology study](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2026.119956) | [Social Science & Medicine](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/social-science-medicine.md) | Ava F H Hoogenboom, P.P.M. Mos, Vivian Reckers‐Droog et al. | Erasmus University Rotterdam |
| 2026-10-15 | [Cost-Effectiveness of Community Health Worker Interventions for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-026-01081-z) | [Applied Health Economics and Health Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/applied-health-economics-and-health-policy.md) | Laura R. Porterfield, H. Shelton Brown, Dallin C. Swanson et al. | The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston; Stanford Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine |
| 2026-10-15 | [Home-based geriatric rehabilitation after shortened inpatient rehabilitation: cost-effectiveness analysis of the “Better@Home” multicentre prospective cohort study with a matched historical control group](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-026-02002-6) | [The European Journal of Health Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/the-european-journal-of-health-economics.md) | Chris J. Gamble, Wim G Groen, M. Vaz et al. | Maastricht University; Care and Public Health Research Institute; Amsterdam Public Health; … |
| 2026-10-14 | [Cost-effectiveness of virtual reality-based avatar therapy for patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia](https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-026-00869-y) | [Health Economics Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/health-economics-review.md) | Alexandrina Stoyanova, Raquel Andres, Edit Vass et al. | Universitat de Barcelona; Semmelweis University; Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu; … |
| 2026-10-12 | [Conceptualising Health Economic Models Using a Graph Retrieval-Augmented, Agentic AI Framework with Human-in-the-Loop Validation: Proof-of-Concept Study](https://doi.org/10.1007/s41669-026-00687-2) | [PharmacoEconomics - Open](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics-open.md) | Tushar Srivastava, Hanan Irfan, Shilpi Swami |  |
| 2026-10-09 | [Methodological Challenges and Preferred Approaches for the Economic Evaluation of CAR T Therapies: Evidence Review and Expert Consensus from NICE Appraisals](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-026-01673-6) | [PharmacoEconomics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics.md) | Mehdi Yousefi, Amin Mehrabian, Maeve A O'Reilly et al. | University of Birmingham; University College Hospital; University of Exeter |
| 2026-10-09 | [Cost-Effectiveness of Annual Atrial Fibrillation Screening Compared with Current Opportunistic Screening in Australian Primary Care: A Model-Based Economic Evaluation](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-026-01073-z) | [Applied Health Economics and Health Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/applied-health-economics-and-health-policy.md) | Ureni Halahakone, Sameera Jayan Senanayake, Victoria McCreanor et al. | Queensland University of Technology; National University of Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School; … |
| 2026-10-09 | [Influenza disease burden investigation and cost-effectiveness analysis based on system dynamics model](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-026-01987-4) | [The European Journal of Health Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/the-european-journal-of-health-economics.md) | Lei Cao, Yu Shao, Zhen Zhang et al. |  |
| 2026-10-07 | [Cost-effectiveness of maternal Tdap immunisation in Sabah, Malaysia: a historical evaluation of the 2018 birth cohort](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12962-026-00826-w) | [Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/cost-effectiveness-and-resource-allocation.md) | Abraham Chiu En Loong, Mohd Yusof Ibrahim, Abdul Rahman Ramdzan et al. | Universiti of Malaysia Sabah; Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta |

## Cite this page

Scholar4AI. (2026). Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Journal and Conference Research Rankings. Retrieved November 5, 2026, from https://scholar4ai.com/equations/incremental-cost-effectiveness-ratio-icer

```bibtex
@misc{scholar4ai-equations-incremental-cost-effectiveness-ratio-icer,
  author = {{Scholar4AI}},
  title = {Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER)},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://scholar4ai.com/equations/incremental-cost-effectiveness-ratio-icer}},
  urldate = {2026-11-05},
  note = {Journal and Conference Research Rankings; data from OpenAlex (CC0); licensed CC BY-NC 4.0}
}
```

License: CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).