---
title: "Principal component analysis (PCA): formula and papers"
description: "Principal component analysis (PCA) was mentioned in 58 papers in the last 30 days (2026-09-27 to 2026-10-26), ranking #16 of the 104 equations and models mentioned."
url: https://scholar4ai.com/equations/principal-component-analysis-pca
markdown_url: https://scholar4ai.com/equations/principal-component-analysis-pca.md
license: CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
share_text: "Principal component analysis (PCA) was mentioned in 58 papers in the last 30 days (2026-09-27 to 2026-10-26), ranking #16 of the 104 equations and models mentioned."
data_url: https://scholar4ai.com/data/rankings.json
updated: 2026-10-26T14:52:47+09:00
window: 2026-09-27 to 2026-10-26
source: OpenAlex (CC0)
---

# Principal component analysis (PCA)

$$
\max_{\lVert w \rVert = 1}\ w^\top \Sigma\, w
$$

Finds the orthogonal directions of largest variance in the data.

- area: Machine learning
- 6 papers in the last 7 days
- Names searched for: principal component analysis, principal components analysis, PCA

Back to the ranking: https://scholar4ai.com/rankings/equations.md

## Key findings

- Principal component analysis (PCA) was mentioned in 58 papers in the last 30 days (2026-09-27 to 2026-10-26), ranking #16 of the 104 equations and models mentioned.
- By journal category: AI (14), Finance (13), Economics (13), Management (8), Operations Research (7) and Accounting (3).
- Most of them appeared in The Annals of Regional Science (4), International Review of Economics & Finance (4) and Neural Computing and Applications (4).
- Often mentioned together with Ordinary least squares (OLS) (12), Logistic regression (logit) (12) and Generalized method of moments (GMM) (11).
- Datasets named in the same papers: OR-Library (18), Economic Policy Uncertainty index (5) and Worldwide Governance Indicators (5).
- From Oct 2023 to Sep 2026, 318 archived papers mentioned Principal component analysis (PCA) in their title, abstract or keywords, most of them in May 2024 (19).

## Mentions over 36 months

*Papers mentioning it by publication month, Oct 2023 to Sep 2026 (titles, abstracts and keywords)*

| Trend | Oct 23–Sep 24 | Oct 24–Sep 25 | Oct 25–Sep 26 | 36 months |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|
|  | 150 | 137 | 31 | 318 |

*Papers mentioning Principal component analysis (PCA), newest first. Newest 50 of 58 papers; all of them are in /data/papers.json.*

| Date | Title | Journal | Authors | Affiliations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-10-23 | [From pixels to profits: trading arbitrage portfolios based on image representations](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11408-026-00507-x) | [Financial markets and portfolio management](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/financial-markets-and-portfolio-management.md) | Niklas Paluszkiewicz | Universität Ulm |
| 2026-10-23 | [Learning Dominant States in Elementary Resource Constrained Shortest Path Problems](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-026-07457-7) | [Annals of Operations Research](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/annals-of-operations-research.md) | Saverio Basso, Alessandro Minoli, Matteo Salani | Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence Research |
| 2026-10-22 | [Asymmetric decentralization and inequality](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-026-01586-4) | [The Annals of Regional Science](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/the-annals-of-regional-science.md) | Melissa Ziegler Rogers, Melissa Ziegler Rogers | Duke University; Claremont Graduate University |
| 2026-10-21 | [The economic geography of Churches: housing market effects in Stockholm](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10824-026-09609-w) | [Journal of Cultural Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-cultural-economics.md) | Mats Wilhelmsson | KTH Royal Institute of Technology |
| 2026-10-20 | [Consumer innovativeness and purchase behaviour in AI-enabled voice commerce: parallel mediation by attitude and trust](https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-026-01027-w) | [Future Business Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/future-business-journal.md) | Jyoti Sharma, Shabnam Gulati, Jamal Akhtar Khan et al. | Lovely Professional University; Chandigarh University; Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University |
| 2026-10-20 | [Enhancing the resilience of entrepreneurs](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-026-01257-y) | [International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-entrepreneurship-and-management-journal.md) | Ana Rosado-Cubero, Adolfo Hernández, Francisco José Blanco-Jiménez et al. | Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Universidad Rey Juan Carlos |
| 2026-10-19 | [Reusability report: multi-sample omics network inference operates in distinct robustness regimes defined by prior knowledge and data availability](https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-026-01311-y) | [Nature Machine Intelligence](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/nature-machine-intelligence.md) | Xabier Martinez‐de‐Morentin, Sameer Ahmad Khan, Itziar Cenzano et al. | King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Ilia State University; Karolinska University Hospital; … |
| 2026-10-17 | [GLCN: a hybrid graph convolution and lite capsule network for robust and interpretable link prediction in complex networks](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-026-02906-y) | [Knowledge and Information Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/knowledge-and-information-systems.md) | Indu, Varsha Sisaudia, Kapil Sharma | Delhi Technological University |
| 2026-10-16 | [Generative deep learning for class imbalance in credit risk modeling: comparative evaluation of synthetic oversampling methods and an elastic oversampling extension](https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-026-00970-5) | [Financial Innovation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/financial-innovation.md) | Tae Yeon Kwon | Hankuk University of Foreign Studies |
| 2026-10-15 | [Does entrepreneurship policy reform institutional conditions? Evidence from India’s Startup India programme](https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-026-01023-0) | [Future Business Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/future-business-journal.md) | Gourav Aggarwal, Smita Kashiramka | O. P. Jindal Global University; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi |
| 2026-10-15 | [Quantile Affine Geometry: Exact linearization of 1D Wasserstein primitives for scalable machine learning](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2026.117208) | [Knowledge-Based Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/knowledge-based-systems.md) | Mohamad Hasan Bahari, Mohammad Parsa Etemadheravi |  |
| 2026-10-13 | [Robust generalized two-dimensional principal component analysis with optimal bias learning](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2026.109762) | [Neural Networks](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/neural-networks.md) | Xinyu Xia, Hu Yang | Chongqing University |
| 2026-10-13 | [Digital Finance and Trade in the Green Transition: Evidence from Emerging Asian Economies](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10690-026-09644-9) | [Asia-Pacific Financial Markets](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/asia-pacific-financial-markets.md) | Asma Rehman Ullah, Shahzeb Khurshid, Alishba Rahman Ullah et al. | Rawalpindi Medical University; Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University; University of Duhok; … |
| 2026-10-13 | [Economic experiences and positive-sum beliefs](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40822-026-00400-y) | [Eurasian economic review :](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/eurasian-economic-review.md) | Leonardo Becchetti, Lorenzo Semplici, Francesco Salustri | University of Rome Tor Vergata; Roma Tre University; University College London |
| 2026-10-12 | [Will the green transition deepen regional divides? Evidence from mobility intentions across European regions](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-026-01583-7) | [The Annals of Regional Science](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/the-annals-of-regional-science.md) | Sebastian Ritter, Vicente Royuela, Yann Marx | Universitat de Barcelona; Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research |
| 2026-10-12 | [The influence of inflation on commercial bank performance: a systematic review](https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-026-01013-2) | [Future Business Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/future-business-journal.md) | Safwan Al-Dhobee, Mohammed Al-Rafaik, Ali Al-Oluki et al. | Sana'a University; Thamar University; Al-Razi University |
| 2026-10-10 | [Innovation bridging sustainability: the role of digital finance, institutional policy stringency, and climate physical risks for advancing energy transformation](https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-026-00972-3) | [Financial Innovation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/financial-innovation.md) | Huma Iftikhar, Luo Guang, Ningyu Qian | Huazhong University of Science and Technology |
| 2026-10-09 | [Understanding the mixed consequences of diversity practices: A typology of migrant employees](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2026.102666) | [International Business Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-business-review.md) | Nicole Richter, Sven Hauff, Mila Borislavova Lazarova | University of Southern Denmark; Helmut Schmidt University; Vienna University of Economics and Business; … |
| 2026-10-08 | [Behavioral drivers of cryptocurrency markets: A systematic review](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbef.2026.101265) | [Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-behavioral-and-experimental-finance.md) | Sebastian Steindl, Hans Rüdiger Kaufmann, Bernd Britzelmaier | University of Nicosia; Pforzheim University of Applied Sciences |
| 2026-10-07 | [Generative AI as a social partner for young adults: Dual pathways to resilience and AI dependence](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2026.103141) | [International Journal of Information Management](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-journal-of-information-management.md) | Yoojin Shin, DongA Jeong, Hyun Chul Kang et al. | Yonsei University |
| 2026-10-06 | [Sentiment interactions in financial markets: Conditional volatility, feedback, and shock propagation](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105946) | [International Review of Economics & Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics-finance.md) | Md Tanvir Hasan | University of Dhaka; University of Glasgow |
| 2026-10-06 | [Do digitalization and institutional capacity improve EU fund management for bridging territorial gaps? Evidence from the 2014–2020 Cohesion Policy](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-026-01562-y) | [The Annals of Regional Science](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/the-annals-of-regional-science.md) | Benedetta Coluccia, Valentina Cattivelli, Roberta Barbieri | Pegaso University; University of Salento |
| 2026-10-06 | [A variable smoothing for weakly convex composite minimization with manifold constraint via parametrization](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10589-026-00830-z) | [Computational Optimization and Applications](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/computational-optimization-and-applications.md) | Keita Kume, Isao Yamada | Tokyo Institute of Technology |
| 2026-10-05 | [Beyond productivity: Does ICT agglomeration drive regional eco-efficiency?](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2026.09.009) | [Structural Change and Economic Dynamics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/structural-change-and-economic-dynamics.md) | Maria Chiara D’Errico, Anna Maria Ferragina, Stefano Iandolo et al. | University of Perugia; University of Salerno; École Supérieure du Commerce Extérieur; … |
| 2026-10-03 | [Does geopolitical risk amplify sentiment effects in green equity markets? Evidence from multivariate quantile-on-quantile analysis](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbef.2026.101264) | [Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-behavioral-and-experimental-finance.md) | Simran Agarwal, Puja Padhi | Indian Institute of Technology Bombay |
| 2026-10-03 | [Breaking the gap between words and deeds: Can firm-level Fintech mitigate ESG decoupling?](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105910) | [International Review of Economics & Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics-finance.md) | Linfang Tan, Da Gao, Xinyu Zhang | Wuhan University; Wuhan Institute of Technology; Liaoning University |
| 2026-10-01 | [The effects of digital economy on farmers’ subjective well-being](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105939) | [International Review of Economics & Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics-finance.md) | Xiao Li, Pengfei Deng, Danyun Tang | Sichuan University; Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics |
| 2026-10-01 | [A machine learning model for the prediction of the US news & world report ranking of the mechanical engineering graduate programs in the United States](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-026-12636-5) | [Neural Computing and Applications](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/neural-computing-and-applications.md) | Faeze Khademi, Nikith Rachakonda, Matias Salazar Ismodes et al. | University of Illinois Chicago |
| 2026-10-01 | [The term structure of the expected market risk premium, and the cross-section of stock returns](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2026.105482) | [International Review of Financial Analysis](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-financial-analysis.md) | Ana González‐Urteaga, Gonzalo A. Rubio, Pedro Serrano et al. | Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA); Universidad Cardenal Herrera CEU; Universidad Carlos III de Madrid; … |
| 2026-10-01 | [From Prediction to Decision: A Closed-Loop Decision-Aware Predictive-Prescriptive Framework for Anticipatory Humanitarian Logistics](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2026.102623) | [Socio-Economic Planning Sciences](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/socio-economic-planning-sciences.md) | Leonardo Sanches de Carvalho, Carlos César Ribeiro Santos | Universidade Federal da Bahia; Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial |
| 2026-10-01 | [Globalization channels and business cycle synchronization: The roles of capital mobility and China's bilateral trade](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.106000) | [International Review of Economics & Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics-finance.md) | Dong Yao, Wanyin Zhong, Liang Chen et al. | Chengdu Jincheng College; Chengdu Medical College |
| 2026-10-01 | [A comprehensive empirical evaluation of quantum machine learning for financial prediction: systematic comparison with classical approaches](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-026-12516-y) | [Neural Computing and Applications](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/neural-computing-and-applications.md) | Raed Abu Zitar, Samia Loucif, Murad M. Al-Rajab et al. | Liwa University; Zayed University; Abu Dhabi University; … |
| 2026-10-01 | [Addressing Methodological Challenges in Time Series Anomaly Detection](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-026-07183-y) | [Machine Learning](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/machine-learning.md) | Nancy Xu, Henrik Boström |  |
| 2026-10-01 | [HydraML: a hybrid damaged roofs automated machine learning classifier for cultural heritage](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-026-12499-w) | [Neural Computing and Applications](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/neural-computing-and-applications.md) | Francesco Colace, Massimo De Santo, Rosario Gaeta et al. | University of Salerno; Ministero della cultura |
| 2026-10-01 | [Digital Economy Development and Employment Structure in Emerging Market Nations: A Panel Econometric Analysis of Sectoral and Skill-Level Dynamics](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2026.102275) | [Journal of Asian Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-asian-economics.md) | Muhammad Umair, Ling Yang | Xi'an Jiaotong University |
| 2026-10-01 | [A composite indicator for assessing regional and temporal disparities in the quality of education in Spain (2012–2022)](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2026.102624) | [Socio-Economic Planning Sciences](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/socio-economic-planning-sciences.md) | Virgilio Pérez, Cristina Aybar, José M. Pavía | Universitat de València |
| 2026-10-01 | [Customer Acceptance of Artificial Intelligence (CAAI): Applications, Scale Development, and Testing](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2026.10.001) | [Journal of Retailing](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-retailing.md) | Ana Valeria Calvo Castro, Syed Mahmudur Rahman, Abhijit Guha et al. | Tecnológico de Monterrey; Macquarie University; Florida Atlantic University; … |
| 2026-10-01 | [Trade finance systems and global value chain participation: Global evidence with insights from Africa](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2026.101454) | [Economic Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/economic-systems.md) | Klavdij Logožar, Carin Strydom | University of Maribor; North-West University |
| 2026-10-01 | [Performance within the foundation paradox: the case for small qualitative evaluations](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-026-12328-0) | [Neural Computing and Applications](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/neural-computing-and-applications.md) | Michael P. Simeone, Jacki Hyatt, Elisa Jayne Bienenstock et al. | Arizona State University |
| 2026-10-01 | [Balancing stability and transparency: Macroprudential policies and opacity puzzle in banking](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2026.101980) | [The British Accounting Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/the-british-accounting-review.md) | Trang Nguyen Ha Cu, Chau H. A. Le, Luu Ngoc Hiep et al. | National Economics University; VNU University of Economics and Business; University of Lincoln; … |
| 2026-10-01 | [A comprehensive survey on multimodal sentiment analysis: Approaches, challenges and open issues](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2026.103138) | [International Journal of Information Management](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-journal-of-information-management.md) | Fatemeh Hemmatian, Arash Sabbaghi, Mohammad Karim Sohrabi | Islamic Azad University Semnan |
| 2026-10-01 | [Forecasting the price of carbon with macroeconomic and financial variables](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2026.105435) | [Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-economic-dynamics-and-control.md) | Andrea Bastianin, Elisabetta Mirto, Yan Qin et al. | University of Milan; Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei; Swiss National Bank |
| 2026-10-01 | [Finance, human capital, and regional inequality in Türkiye: unveiling convergence and growth dynamics](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-026-01577-5) | [The Annals of Regional Science](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/the-annals-of-regional-science.md) | Hasan Tutar, Arif Saldanlı, Yusuf Bahadır KAVAS et al. | Baku Engineering University; Beykent University; Istanbul University; … |
| 2026-10-01 | [Do bonus deferral and bonus recovery affect employee effort?](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2026.101663) | [Accounting Organizations and Society](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/accounting-organizations-and-society.md) | Mandy Cheng, Tami Dinh, Maria Lotze et al. | UNSW Sydney; University of St.Gallen; University of Augsburg |
| 2026-10-01 | [From 3D perception to safety reasoning: an intelligent hybrid framework for real-time underground mine monitoring](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.134601) | [Expert Systems with Applications](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/expert-systems-with-applications.md) | Pasindu Ranasinghe, Simit Raval, Dibyayan Patra et al. | UNSW Sydney; University of Southern Queensland |
| 2026-10-01 | [On Kernel Eigen-Alignments of KRR: Reconstruction and Generalization](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-026-07177-w) | [Machine Learning](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/machine-learning.md) | Yang Liu, Ernest Fokoue, Richard Lange et al. | Rochester Institute of Technology |
| 2026-10-01 | [Optimization under uncertainty for energy infrastructure planning: A synthesis of methods, tools, and open challenges](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2026.10.008) | [European Journal of Operational Research](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/european-journal-of-operational-research.md) | Rahman Khorramfar, Aron Brenner, Lara Booth et al. | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| 2026-10-01 | [Structural concentration in weighted networks: A class of topology-aware indices](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2026.10.009) | [European Journal of Operational Research](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/european-journal-of-operational-research.md) | Luigi Riso, M. G. Zoia | Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore |
| 2026-10-01 | [iFCTN: An intra-block fully-connected tensor network decomposition for tensor completion](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2026.115048) | [Pattern Recognition](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pattern-recognition.md) | Ziyi Gan, Chunfeng Cui | Beihang University |
| 2026-09-30 | [Employee well-being in private equity-backed firms](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2026.110839) | [Finance research letters](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/finance-research-letters.md) | Huynh Sang Truong, Uwe Walz B | Goethe University Frankfurt; Vietnamese-German University; European Corporate Governance Institute; … |

## Cite this page

Scholar4AI. (2026). Principal component analysis (PCA). Journal Research Rankings. Retrieved October 26, 2026, from https://scholar4ai.com/equations/principal-component-analysis-pca

```bibtex
@misc{scholar4ai-equations-principal-component-analysis-pca,
  author = {{Scholar4AI}},
  title = {Principal component analysis (PCA)},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://scholar4ai.com/equations/principal-component-analysis-pca}},
  urldate = {2026-10-26},
  note = {Journal Research Rankings; data from OpenAlex (CC0); licensed CC BY-NC 4.0}
}
```

License: CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).