---
title: "Quality-adjusted life year (QALY): formula and example"
description: "Quality-adjusted life year (QALY) explained: variables, a worked example, related methods and assumptions. Years of life weighted by health-related quality u between 0 (dead) and 1 (full health)."
url: https://scholar4ai.com/equations/quality-adjusted-life-year-qaly
markdown_url: https://scholar4ai.com/equations/quality-adjusted-life-year-qaly.md
license: CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
share_text: "Quality-adjusted life year (QALY) explained: variables, a worked example, related methods and assumptions. Years of life weighted by health-related quality u between 0 (dead) and 1 (full health). (as of 2026-11-05)"
data_url: https://scholar4ai.com/data/rankings.json
updated: 2026-11-05T06:02:37+09:00
window: 2026-10-07 to 2026-11-05
source: OpenAlex (CC0)
---

# Quality-adjusted life year (QALY)

$$
QALY = \sum_{t} u_t\, \Delta t
$$

Years of life weighted by health-related quality u between 0 (dead) and 1 (full health).

- area: Health economics
- 1 paper in the last 7 days
- Names searched for: quality-adjusted life year, quality adjusted life year, QALY, QALYs

Back to the ranking: https://scholar4ai.com/rankings/equations.md

## Variables and notation

u_t is a health-state utility weight and Delta t time spent in that state in years; QALY sums utility-weighted time.

## Worked example

Two years at utility 0.8 and one at 0.5 yield 2×0.8+1×0.5=2.1 QALYs.

## Related methods and when to use them

QALY combines survival and health-related quality; life-years count time alone. Utility instruments, perspective and discounting choices must be specified; some valuation systems allow states below zero.

## Sources and further reading

- [NICE health technology evaluations manual — measuring health effects and QALYs](https://www.nice.org.uk/process/pmg36/chapter/economic-evaluation)

Examples use illustrative inputs, not observed research results. Logarithms are natural unless stated otherwise. Guide updated 2026-11-05. Prepared by Scholar4AI. [Editorial and verification policy](/editorial-policy).

## Key findings

- Quality-adjusted life year (QALY) was mentioned in 27 papers in the last 30 days (2026-10-07 to 2026-11-05), ranking #56 of the 248 equations and models mentioned.
- By journal category: Health Economics and Policy (27).
- Most of them appeared in PharmacoEconomics - Open (6), Applied Health Economics and Health Policy (4) and PharmacoEconomics (4).
- Often mentioned together with Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) (17), Disability-adjusted life year (DALY) (3) and Decision tree (CART) (2).
- Datasets named in the same papers: Global Burden of Disease (4), WITS / TRAINS tariff data (2) and China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) (1).
- From Nov 2023 to Oct 2026, 676 archived papers mentioned Quality-adjusted life year (QALY) in their title, abstract, keywords or full text, most of them in Oct 2026 (30).
- From 2017 to 2026 (so far), Quality-adjusted life year (QALY) was mentioned in 1,452 papers in the tracked journals, most of them in health economics and policy (1,407), economics (16) and statistics (16).
- 214 of them were published in 2025, against 93 in 2017.
- Since 2023, the institutions with the most of these papers were University of Sheffield (40), Monash University (34) and University of York (34).
- The journals publishing most of them were PharmacoEconomics (160), Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation (145) and PharmacoEconomics - Open (125).
- The most-cited of them is “Perspective and Costing in Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, 1974–2018” (PharmacoEconomics, 2020), with 279 citations.

## Mentions over 36 months

*Papers mentioning it by publication month, Nov 2023 to Oct 2026 (titles, abstracts, keywords and full texts)*

| Trend | Nov 23–Oct 24 | Nov 24–Oct 25 | Nov 25–Oct 26 | 36 months |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|
|  | 219 | 197 | 260 | 676 |

## Papers per year

*Papers per publication year and category*

| Category | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 (so far) |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|
| [Health Economics and Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/health-economics-and-policy.md) | 90 | 100 | 108 | 102 | 129 | 123 | 140 | 207 | 203 | 205 |
| [Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/economics.md) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 4 |
| [Statistics](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/statistics.md) | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 |
| [Operations Research](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/operations-research.md) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| [Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/finance.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| [AI](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/ai.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| [Management](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/management.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| [Higher Education and Research](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/higher-education-and-research.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| All categories | 93 | 102 | 109 | 107 | 134 | 126 | 141 | 215 | 214 | 211 |

## Where the papers come from

*Journals with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Journal | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [PharmacoEconomics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics.md) | 160 |
| 2 | [Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/cost-effectiveness-and-resource-allocation.md) | 145 |
| 3 | [PharmacoEconomics - Open](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics-open.md) | 125 |
| 4 | [Applied Health Economics and Health Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/applied-health-economics-and-health-policy.md) | 85 |
| 5 | [The European Journal of Health Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/the-european-journal-of-health-economics.md) | 82 |
| 6 | [Health Economics Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/health-economics-review.md) | 65 |
| 7 | [Health and Quality of Life Outcomes](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/health-and-quality-of-life-outcomes.md) | 38 |
| 8 | [Social Science & Medicine](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/social-science-medicine.md) | 16 |
| 9 | [Health Policy and Technology](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/health-policy-and-technology.md) | 8 |
| 10 | [Journal of Health Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-health-economics.md) | 5 |

*Institutions with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Institution | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [University of Sheffield](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/university-of-sheffield.md) | 40 |
| 2 | [Monash University](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/monash-university.md) | 34 |
| 3 | [University of York](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/university-of-york.md) | 34 |
| 4 | [University of Oxford](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/university-of-oxford.md) | 33 |
| 5 | [Erasmus University Rotterdam](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/erasmus-university-rotterdam.md) | 29 |
| 6 | [The University of Melbourne](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/the-university-of-melbourne.md) | 28 |
| 7 | [University of Technology Sydney](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/university-of-technology-sydney.md) | 21 |
| 8 | [National University of Singapore](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/national-university-of-singapore.md) | 20 |
| 9 | [University of Groningen](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/university-of-groningen.md) | 19 |
| 10 | [University College London](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/university-college-london.md) | 17 |

*Countries with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Country | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | United Kingdom | 226 |
| 2 | United States | 153 |
| 3 | Australia | 101 |
| 4 | Netherlands | 93 |
| 5 | China | 86 |
| 6 | Canada | 62 |
| 7 | Germany | 46 |
| 8 | Switzerland | 45 |
| 9 | Spain | 45 |
| 10 | Sweden | 33 |

*Keywords with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Keyword | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [quality-adjusted life years](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/quality-adjusted-life-years.md) | 524 |
| 2 | [cost-effectiveness](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/cost-effectiveness.md) | 473 |
| 3 | Markov model | 111 |
| 4 | incremental cost-effectiveness ratio | 107 |
| 5 | [health technology assessment](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/health-technology-assessment.md) | 93 |
| 6 | [health-related quality of life](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/health-related-quality-of-life.md) | 92 |
| 7 | cost-utility analysis | 84 |
| 8 | [health care costs](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/health-care-costs.md) | 68 |
| 9 | willingness-to-pay threshold | 64 |
| 10 | economic evaluation | 42 |

## Most-cited papers

*Most-cited papers since 2017*

| # | Citations | Per month | Title | Journal | Published | Authors |
|---:|---:|---:|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 279 | 3.7 | [Perspective and Costing in Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, 1974–2018](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-020-00942-2) | [PharmacoEconomics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics.md) | 2020-07-22 | David D. Kim, Madison C. Silver, Natalia Kunst et al. |
| 2 | 235 | 2.2 | [Estimating the Reference Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio for the Australian Health System](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-017-0585-2) | [PharmacoEconomics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics.md) | 2017-12-22 | Laura Catherine Edney, Hossein Haji Ali Afzali, Terence Chai Cheng et al. |
| 3 | 206 | 2.0 | [Cost-Effectiveness Thresholds: the Past, the Present and the Future](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-017-0606-1) | [PharmacoEconomics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics.md) | 2018-02-09 | Praveen Thokala, Jessica Ochalek, Ashley A. Leech et al. |
| 4 | 193 | 2.8 | [The Danish EQ-5D-5L Value Set: A Hybrid Model Using cTTO and DCE Data](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-021-00639-3) | [Applied Health Economics and Health Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/applied-health-economics-and-health-policy.md) | 2021-02-01 | Cathrine Elgaard Jensen, Sabrina Storgaard Sørensen, Claire M. Gudex et al. |
| 5 | 157 | 1.5 | [Estimating the returns to United Kingdom publicly funded musculoskeletal disease research in terms of net value of improved health outcomes](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-017-0276-7) | [Health Research Policy and Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/health-research-policy-and-systems.md) | 2018-01-09 | Matthew J Glover, Erin Montague, Alexandra Pollitt et al. |
| 6 | 143 | 4.8 | [An overview of the perspectives used in health economic evaluations](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12962-024-00552-1) | [Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/cost-effectiveness-and-resource-allocation.md) | 2024-05-14 | Manit Sittimart, Waranya Rattanavipapong, Andrew J. Mirelman et al. |
| 7 | 142 | 1.3 | [Cost Effectiveness of Pembrolizumab vs. Standard-of-Care Chemotherapy as First-Line Treatment for Metastatic NSCLC that Expresses High Levels of PD-L1 in the United States](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-017-0527-z) | [PharmacoEconomics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics.md) | 2017-06-15 | Min Huang, Yanyan Lou, James M. Pellissier et al. |
| 8 | 135 | 1.2 | [A Review of Generic Preference-Based Measures for Use in Cost-Effectiveness Models](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-017-0545-x) | [PharmacoEconomics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics.md) | 2017-10-19 | John Edward Brazier, Roberta Ara, Donna Rowen et al. |
| 9 | 126 | 1.2 | [Australian Utility Weights for the EORTC QLU-C10D, a Multi-Attribute Utility Instrument Derived from the Cancer-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire, EORTC QLQ-C30](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-017-0582-5) | [PharmacoEconomics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics.md) | 2017-12-21 | Madeleine Trudy King, Rosalie C. Viney, Alan Simon Pickard et al. |
| 10 | 120 | 1.6 | [An Updated Systematic Review of Cost-Effectiveness Analyses of Drugs for Osteoporosis](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-020-00965-9) | [PharmacoEconomics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics.md) | 2020-10-07 | Nannan Li, Dennis Cornelissen, Stuart S. Silverman et al. |

Archive counts by publication year: a paper counts when its title, abstract or keywords name the equation, or when OpenAlex's full-text search finds it there (searched for the last 30 days' papers and, by a pass over the past years, for older ones). Names added to the list later are looked for in older papers as the archive is read again.

*Papers mentioning Quality-adjusted life year (QALY), newest first.*

| Date | Title | Journal | Authors | Affiliations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-10-30 | [Economic Evaluation Methods in Post-Injury Care: A Global Systematic Review and Critical Appraisal of Their Suitability for Decision-Making](https://doi.org/10.1007/s41669-026-00688-1) | [PharmacoEconomics - Open](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics-open.md) | Francis Kwame Salman, Janet Ncube, Laura Bojke et al. | Stellenbosch University; University of York; University of Birmingham |
| 2026-10-28 | [Economic evaluation of pertuzumab in early versus late settings of HER2-positive breast cancer: a systematic review](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-026-02007-1) | [The European Journal of Health Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/the-european-journal-of-health-economics.md) | Sandra Hembrecht, Gavin Paul Dowling, Sarah Chiodo et al. | Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland |
| 2026-10-28 | [A Model-Based Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Abrocitinib Compared with Upadacitinib and Baricitinib for Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis: A UK Healthcare Perspective](https://doi.org/10.1007/s41669-026-00693-4) | [PharmacoEconomics - Open](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics-open.md) | Gulraj S. Matharu, Boglárka Mikudina, Karim Amer et al. | Pfizer (United Kingdom); Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; University of Manchester; … |
| 2026-10-27 | [Initiating Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis Compared with In-Centre Haemodialysis in the United Kingdom: A Cost-Utility and Budget Impact Analysis](https://doi.org/10.1007/s41669-026-00692-5) | [PharmacoEconomics - Open](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics-open.md) | Tara Danying Li, C. Rinciog, Araadhna Sinha et al. | University of Sheffield; Keele University; Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust |
| 2026-10-26 | [Variation in Health State Utility Values Across Preference-Based Instruments: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Behavioural Risk Factors](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-026-01083-x) | [Applied Health Economics and Health Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/applied-health-economics-and-health-policy.md) | Nirmali Ruth Sivapragasam, David Brain, Gayani Amarasinghe et al. | Queensland University of Technology; Duke-NUS Medical School |
| 2026-10-26 | [Economic Evaluation of an E-Dengue Early Warning System for Proactive Dengue Prevention in the Mekong Delta Region, Vietnam: A Protocol](https://doi.org/10.1007/s41669-026-00691-6) | [PharmacoEconomics - Open](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics-open.md) | Trinh Manh Hung, Kim-Huong Nguyen, Hugo C. Turner et al. | The University of Queensland; Trinity College Dublin; Imperial College London; … |
| 2026-10-26 | [Modelling Carer Quality-Adjusted Life-Years Into Economic Evaluations: An Evidence Assessment Group Perspective](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-026-01685-2) | [PharmacoEconomics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics.md) | Giovany Orozco-Leal, Louise Tanner, Eugenie Evelynne Johnson et al. | Newcastle University |
| 2026-10-26 | [Home-Based Versus Hospital-Based Administration of Enzyme Replacement Therapy for Late-Onset Pompe Disease in Greece: A Cost-Utility and Budget Impact Analysis](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-026-01084-w) | [Applied Health Economics and Health Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/applied-health-economics-and-health-policy.md) | Persefoni Kritikou, Gregory F. Guzauskas, Constantinos Papadopoulos et al. | National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Eginition Hospital |
| 2026-10-26 | [Families caring for children and adolescents with rare disease: a health economic evaluation of face-to-face and online psychosocial support intervention of the randomized controlled CARE-FAM-NET study](https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-026-00883-0) | [Health Economics Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/health-economics-review.md) | Nicolas Pardey, Kristine Kreis, Anna Leidger et al. | Leibniz University Hannover; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; University Hospital Ulm; … |
| 2026-10-26 | [Quality-Adjusted and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs and DALYs): An Overview and Guide to Calculations](https://doi.org/10.1007/s41669-026-00678-3) | [PharmacoEconomics - Open](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics-open.md) | Hugo Turner, Brandon Wen Bing Chua, Panupong Chaowanasawat et al. | Imperial College London; Health Intervention and Technology Assessment Program; The University of Queensland; … |
| 2026-10-24 | [Modelling the potential contributions of polygenic risk stratification to cost-effective screening for prostate cancer](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-026-01969-6) | [The European Journal of Health Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/the-european-journal-of-health-economics.md) | Padraig Dixon, Jonathan J. Aning, Richard Michael Martin et al. | University of Oxford; North Bristol NHS Trust; University of Bristol; … |
| 2026-10-23 | [Exploring spillovers of vaccines: A practical application of the Expanded Impact Inventory](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-026-02000-8) | [The European Journal of Health Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/the-european-journal-of-health-economics.md) | María J. Mendoza-Jiménez, Job N. A. van Exel, Werner B. F. Brouwer | Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral; Erasmus University Rotterdam |
| 2026-10-23 | [A cost-effectiveness analysis of trastuzumab deruxtecan for HER2-low metastatic breast cancer: applying a Saudi economic evaluation guideline](https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-026-00887-w) | [Health Economics Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/health-economics-review.md) | Fatma Maraiki, Tusneem Ahmed M. Elhassan, Shouki N. Bazarbashi et al. | Griffith University; Alfaisal University; King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre; … |
| 2026-10-22 | [Patient-Centered Value Elements in the Economic Evaluation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A Targeted Review of Cost-Effectiveness Analyses](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-026-01662-9) | [PharmacoEconomics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics.md) | Nabin Poudel, Leah Lodise, Jiwon Oh et al. | University of Maryland, Baltimore |
| 2026-10-22 | [Towards meaningful outcome measures for health economic evaluations in skin cancer](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12962-026-00855-5) | [Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/cost-effectiveness-and-resource-allocation.md) | Annick Meertens, Lieven Annemans, Floor Verstraete et al. | Ghent University Hospital; Ghent University; Cancer Research Institute Ghent |
| 2026-10-20 | [Cost-effectiveness of iStent-based trabecular micro-bypass stenting combined with cataract surgery in mild-to-moderate open-angle glaucoma: a systematic review of analytic perspectives and time horizons](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12962-026-00846-6) | [Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/cost-effectiveness-and-resource-allocation.md) | Dan Drobin | Karolinska Institutet |
| 2026-10-20 | [Short-term cost-effectiveness of siltartoxatug versus human tetanus immunoglobulin for post-traumatic tetanus prophylaxis in Chinese adults: a trial-based economic evaluation](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12962-026-00841-x) | [Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/cost-effectiveness-and-resource-allocation.md) | Jianrun Zhang, Yuan Xiao, Liwu Huang et al. | First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou First People's Hospital; South China University of Technology; … |
| 2026-10-17 | [Cost-utility analysis of a person-centred integrated care approach versus care as usual in primary care](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlpt.2026.101341) | [Health Policy and Technology](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/health-policy-and-technology.md) | Sterre S. Bour, Lucas M. A. Goossens, Lena H. A. Raaijmakers et al. | Erasmus University Rotterdam; Radboud University Medical Center; Radboud Institute for Health Sciences; … |
| 2026-10-15 | [Cost-Effectiveness of Community Health Worker Interventions for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-026-01081-z) | [Applied Health Economics and Health Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/applied-health-economics-and-health-policy.md) | Laura R. Porterfield, H. Shelton Brown, Dallin C. Swanson et al. | The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston; Stanford Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine |
| 2026-10-14 | [Cost-effectiveness of virtual reality-based avatar therapy for patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia](https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-026-00869-y) | [Health Economics Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/health-economics-review.md) | Alexandrina Stoyanova, Raquel Andres, Edit Vass et al. | Universitat de Barcelona; Semmelweis University; Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu; … |
| 2026-10-12 | [Conceptualising Health Economic Models Using a Graph Retrieval-Augmented, Agentic AI Framework with Human-in-the-Loop Validation: Proof-of-Concept Study](https://doi.org/10.1007/s41669-026-00687-2) | [PharmacoEconomics - Open](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics-open.md) | Tushar Srivastava, Hanan Irfan, Shilpi Swami |  |
| 2026-10-11 | [Locally derived transition probabilities for EQ-5D crosswalk in a Brazilian population: an alternative to European-based mapping algorithms](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12963-026-00512-2) | [Population Health Metrics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/population-health-metrics.md) | Marcelo Goulart Correia, Vanessa R von Doellinger, Bernardo Rangel Tura et al. | Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia |
| 2026-10-09 | [Waiting for Trial Evidence or Using Real-World Evidence: Trade-Offs for Coverage with Evidence Development](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-026-01668-3) | [PharmacoEconomics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics.md) | Boshen Jiao, Yizhi Liang, 陶立元 et al. | University of Southern California; Peking University; Peking University Third Hospital; … |
| 2026-10-09 | [Methodological Challenges and Preferred Approaches for the Economic Evaluation of CAR T Therapies: Evidence Review and Expert Consensus from NICE Appraisals](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-026-01673-6) | [PharmacoEconomics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pharmacoeconomics.md) | Mehdi Yousefi, Amin Mehrabian, Maeve A O'Reilly et al. | University of Birmingham; University College Hospital; University of Exeter |
| 2026-10-09 | [Africa’s first standard measure for child and adolescent health: The Nigerian EQ-5D-Y-3L value set using composite time trade-off and discrete choice experiments](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-026-02628-3) | [Health and Quality of Life Outcomes](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/health-and-quality-of-life-outcomes.md) | Abdulmuminu Isah, Iheomimichineke Ojiakor, Chinelo Obi et al. | University of Nigeria; Kenya Medical Research Institute; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme; … |
| 2026-10-09 | [Cost-Effectiveness of Annual Atrial Fibrillation Screening Compared with Current Opportunistic Screening in Australian Primary Care: A Model-Based Economic Evaluation](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-026-01073-z) | [Applied Health Economics and Health Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/applied-health-economics-and-health-policy.md) | Ureni Halahakone, Sameera Jayan Senanayake, Victoria McCreanor et al. | Queensland University of Technology; National University of Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School; … |
| 2026-10-08 | [Estimation of a valuation function for the Health and Self-Management in Diabetes Questionnaire (HASMID) in Hong Kong SAR, China](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-026-02646-1) | [Health and Quality of Life Outcomes](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/health-and-quality-of-life-outcomes.md) | Richard Huan Xu, Chenxi Yang, Thao Thai et al. | Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Monash University; University of Hong Kong; … |

## Cite this page

Scholar4AI. (2026). Quality-adjusted life year (QALY). Journal and Conference Research Rankings. Retrieved November 5, 2026, from https://scholar4ai.com/equations/quality-adjusted-life-year-qaly

```bibtex
@misc{scholar4ai-equations-quality-adjusted-life-year-qaly,
  author = {{Scholar4AI}},
  title = {Quality-adjusted life year (QALY)},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://scholar4ai.com/equations/quality-adjusted-life-year-qaly}},
  urldate = {2026-11-05},
  note = {Journal and Conference Research Rankings; data from OpenAlex (CC0); licensed CC BY-NC 4.0}
}
```

License: CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).