---
title: "ROC curve and AUC: formula, variables and example"
description: "ROC curve and AUC explained: variables, a worked example, related methods and assumptions. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: how well a score separates two classes, from 0.5 to 1."
url: https://scholar4ai.com/equations/roc-curve-and-auc
markdown_url: https://scholar4ai.com/equations/roc-curve-and-auc.md
license: CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
share_text: "ROC curve and AUC explained: variables, a worked example, related methods and assumptions. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: how well a score separates two classes, from 0.5 to 1. (as of 2026-11-05)"
data_url: https://scholar4ai.com/data/rankings.json
updated: 2026-11-05T06:02:37+09:00
window: 2026-10-07 to 2026-11-05
source: OpenAlex (CC0)
---

# ROC curve and AUC

$$
AUC = \int_0^1 TPR\; d(FPR)
$$

Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: how well a score separates two classes, from 0.5 to 1.

- area: Deep learning and language models
- 3 papers in the last 7 days
- Names searched for: receiver operating characteristic, area under the curve, area under the ROC curve, AUC, AUROC

Back to the ranking: https://scholar4ai.com/rankings/equations.md

## Variables and notation

TPR is true-positive rate and FPR false-positive rate as a score threshold varies; AUC integrates the ROC curve.

## Worked example

One positive score 0.8 exceeds negative scores 0.3 and 0.7, so empirical ranking AUC=2/2=1. Equal positive/negative scores usually contribute half credit.

## Related methods and when to use them

ROC AUC summarizes ranking across thresholds; precision–recall AUC highlights performance relative to the positive prevalence. AUC does not choose an operating threshold or measure probability calibration.

## Sources and further reading

- [An introduction to ROC analysis](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2005.10.010)

Examples use illustrative inputs, not observed research results. Logarithms are natural unless stated otherwise. Guide updated 2026-11-05. Prepared by Scholar4AI. [Editorial and verification policy](/editorial-policy).

## Key findings

- ROC curve and AUC was mentioned in 47 papers in the last 30 days (2026-10-07 to 2026-11-05), ranking #25 of the 248 equations and models mentioned.
- By journal category: AI (12), Statistics (7), Information Systems (6), Finance (5), Operations Research (4), Health Economics and Policy (4), Management (3), Higher Education and Research (3), Economics (2) and Marketing (1).
- Most of them appeared in Expert Systems with Applications (3), BMC Medical Research Methodology (2) and Computers & Security (2).
- Often mentioned together with F1 score (15), Logistic regression (logit) (12) and Decision tree (CART) (8).
- Datasets named in the same papers: Eurostat (2), American Community Survey (1) and US health surveys (NHANES, BRFSS, MEPS) (1).
- From Nov 2023 to Oct 2026, 1,619 archived papers mentioned ROC curve and AUC in their title, abstract or keywords (the search of earlier months' full texts is still under way), most of them in Feb 2024 (57).
- From 2017 to 2026 (so far), ROC curve and AUC was mentioned in 2,150 papers in the tracked journals, most of them in AI (1,398), statistics (215) and health economics and policy (129).
- 530 of them were published in 2025, against 48 in 2017.
- Since 2023, the institutions with the most of these papers were Chinese Academy of Sciences (34), University of Oxford (27) and KU Leuven (22).
- The journals publishing most of them were Expert Systems with Applications (124), Journal Of Big Data (123) and Artificial Intelligence Review (120).
- The most-cited of them is “A systematic study of the class imbalance problem in convolutional neural networks” (Neural Networks, 2018), with 3,086 citations.

## Mentions over 36 months

*Papers mentioning it by publication month, Nov 2023 to Oct 2026 (titles, abstracts and keywords; the full texts of earlier months are still being searched)*

| Trend | Nov 23–Oct 24 | Nov 24–Oct 25 | Nov 25–Oct 26 | 36 months |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|
|  | 514 | 529 | 576 | 1,619 |

## Papers per year

*Papers per publication year and category*

| Category | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 (so far) |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|
| [AI](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/ai.md) | 19 | 16 | 18 | 41 | 47 | 58 | 143 | 383 | 381 | 292 |
| [Statistics](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/statistics.md) | 11 | 6 | 16 | 18 | 15 | 19 | 22 | 29 | 27 | 52 |
| [Health Economics and Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/health-economics-and-policy.md) | 15 | 13 | 7 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 15 | 19 | 25 |
| [Operations Research](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/operations-research.md) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 12 | 27 | 34 | 31 |
| [Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/economics.md) | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 16 | 22 | 20 |
| [Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/finance.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 24 | 18 | 26 |
| [Information Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/information-systems.md) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 5 | 14 | 16 | 19 |
| [Management](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/management.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 9 | 7 | 15 |
| [Higher Education and Research](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/higher-education-and-research.md) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 8 |
| [Marketing](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/marketing.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| [Accounting](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/accounting.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 2 |
| [Tourism and Hospitality](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/tourism-and-hospitality.md) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| All categories | 48 | 41 | 42 | 74 | 77 | 106 | 210 | 527 | 530 | 495 |

## Where the papers come from

*Journals with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Journal | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [Expert Systems with Applications](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/expert-systems-with-applications.md) | 124 |
| 2 | [Journal Of Big Data](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-big-data.md) | 123 |
| 3 | [Artificial Intelligence Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/artificial-intelligence-review.md) | 120 |
| 4 | [Neural Computing and Applications](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/neural-computing-and-applications.md) | 109 |
| 5 | [BMC Medical Research Methodology](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/bmc-medical-research-methodology.md) | 81 |
| 6 | [IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/ieee-transactions-on-pattern-analysis-and-machine-intelligence.md) | 65 |
| 7 | [IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/ieee-transactions-on-neural-networks-and-learning-systems.md) | 59 |
| 8 | [IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/ieee-transactions-on-artificial-intelligence.md) | 55 |
| 9 | [Applied Intelligence](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/applied-intelligence.md) | 45 |
| 10 | [Pattern Recognition](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pattern-recognition.md) | 44 |

*Institutions with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Institution | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [Chinese Academy of Sciences](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/chinese-academy-of-sciences.md) | 34 |
| 2 | [University of Oxford](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/university-of-oxford.md) | 27 |
| 3 | [KU Leuven](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/ku-leuven.md) | 22 |
| 4 | [University of Cambridge](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/university-of-cambridge.md) | 22 |
| 5 | [Tsinghua University](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/tsinghua-university.md) | 21 |
| 6 | [Monash University](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/monash-university.md) | 20 |
| 7 | [Hong Kong Polytechnic University](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/hong-kong-polytechnic-university.md) | 19 |
| 8 | [Shanghai Jiao Tong University](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/shanghai-jiao-tong-university.md) | 19 |
| 9 | [University of Chinese Academy of Sciences](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/university-of-chinese-academy-of-sciences.md) | 19 |
| 10 | [UNSW Sydney](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/unsw-sydney.md) | 18 |

*Countries with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Country | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | China | 451 |
| 2 | United States | 279 |
| 3 | United Kingdom | 238 |
| 4 | Germany | 124 |
| 5 | Spain | 121 |
| 6 | Italy | 119 |
| 7 | Australia | 116 |
| 8 | India | 84 |
| 9 | Netherlands | 82 |
| 10 | Canada | 68 |

*Keywords with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Keyword | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [class imbalance](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/class-imbalance.md) | 131 |
| 2 | [explainable AI](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/explainable-ai.md) | 100 |
| 3 | [random forest](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/random-forest.md) | 86 |
| 4 | [deep learning](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/deep-learning.md) | 77 |
| 5 | [feature selection](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/feature-selection.md) | 72 |
| 6 | [XGBoost](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/xgboost.md) | 66 |
| 7 | [graph neural networks](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/graph-neural-networks.md) | 65 |
| 8 | [convolutional neural networks](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/convolutional-neural-networks.md) | 62 |
| 9 | [SHAP](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/shap.md) | 61 |
| 10 | [interpretability](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/interpretability.md) | 56 |

## Most-cited papers

*Most-cited papers since 2017*

| # | Citations | Per month | Title | Journal | Published | Authors |
|---:|---:|---:|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3,086 | 31.1 | [A systematic study of the class imbalance problem in convolutional neural networks](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2018.07.011) | [Neural Networks](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/neural-networks.md) | 2018-07-29 | Mateusz Buda, Atsuto Maki, Maciej A. Mazurowski |
| 2 | 2,995 | 40.3 | [A comparative analysis of gradient boosting algorithms](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-020-09896-5) | [Artificial Intelligence Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/artificial-intelligence-review.md) | 2020-08-24 | Candice Bentéjac, Anna Csörgő, Gonzalo Martínez-Muñoz |
| 3 | 1,114 | 34.5 | [A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Application](https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2024.3367329) | [IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/ieee-transactions-on-pattern-analysis-and-machine-intelligence.md) | 2024-02-26 | Liyuan Wang, Xingxing Zhang, Hang Su et al. |
| 4 | 633 | 20.2 | [Feature selection strategies: a comparative analysis of SHAP-value and importance-based methods](https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-024-00905-w) | [Journal Of Big Data](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-big-data.md) | 2024-03-26 | Huanjing Wang, Qianxin Liang, John Hancock et al. |
| 5 | 627 | 18.4 | [Deep learning models for digital image processing: a review](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-023-10631-z) | [Artificial Intelligence Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/artificial-intelligence-review.md) | 2024-01-01 | R. Archana, P. S. Eliahim Jeevaraj |
| 6 | 613 | 18.5 | [Autoencoders and their applications in machine learning: a survey](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-023-10662-6) | [Artificial Intelligence Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/artificial-intelligence-review.md) | 2024-02-03 | Kamal Berahmand, Fatemeh Daneshfar, Elaheh Sadat Salehi et al. |
| 7 | 548 | 15.7 | [A review of ensemble learning and data augmentation models for class imbalanced problems: Combination, implementation and evaluation](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2023.122778) | [Expert Systems with Applications](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/expert-systems-with-applications.md) | 2023-12-09 | Azal Ahmad Khan, Omkar Chaudhari, Rohitash Chandra |
| 8 | 522 | 16.4 | [Federated learning for medical image analysis: A survey](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2024.110424) | [Pattern Recognition](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/pattern-recognition.md) | 2024-03-12 | Hao Guan, Pew‐Thian Yap, Andrea Bozoki et al. |
| 9 | 520 | 6.2 | [Extended Isolation Forest](https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2019.2947676) | [IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/ieee-transactions-on-knowledge-and-data-engineering.md) | 2019-10-31 | Sahand Hariri, M. Carrasco Kind, Robert J. Brunner |
| 10 | 495 | 22.9 | [Deep learning and computer vision in plant disease detection: a comprehensive review of techniques, models, and trends in precision agriculture](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-024-11100-x) | [Artificial Intelligence Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/artificial-intelligence-review.md) | 2025-01-17 | Abhishek Upadhyay, Narendra Singh Chandel, Krishna Pratap Singh et al. |

Archive counts by publication year: a paper counts when its title, abstract or keywords name the equation, or when OpenAlex's full-text search finds it there (searched for the last 30 days' papers and, by a pass over the past years, for older ones). Names added to the list later are looked for in older papers as the archive is read again.

*Papers mentioning ROC curve and AUC, newest first.*

| Date | Title | Journal | Authors | Affiliations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-11-03 | [Availability before precision: how the quality of inbound information governs the aircraft turnaround departure-delay decision](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2026.103158) | [Journal of Air Transport Management](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-air-transport-management.md) | Parth Yogeshbhai Purohit | Technische Universität Braunschweig |
| 2026-10-31 | [Cross-Sectoral Patterns of Circular Consumption Behaviours: Evidence from R-Strategies](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10603-026-09640-6) | [Journal of Consumer Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-consumer-policy.md) | Katarzyna Bentkowska, Agnieszka Szulc‐Obłoza | SGH Warsaw School of Economics; Nicolaus Copernicus University |
| 2026-10-31 | [Validation of the Kythera Labs all-payer real-world data asset: a provenance-anchored nine-block framework for tokenized evidence generation](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-026-03070-1) | [BMC Medical Research Methodology](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/bmc-medical-research-methodology.md) | Onur Başer | City University of New York; Boğaziçi University |
| 2026-10-29 | [Acoustic–semantic equivalence: A trimodal framework for B2B sales communication effectiveness and training allocation](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2026.116609) | [Journal of Business Research](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-business-research.md) | Joona Mäntyvaara, Paavo Nevalainen, Jukka Heikkonen | University of Turku |
| 2026-10-28 | [Cash Advances and Short-Horizon Liquidity Pressure: Evidence from a Turkish Bank](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10693-026-00476-2) | [Journal of Financial Services Research](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-financial-services-research.md) | Banu Mutlu Memis, Ben J. Sopranzetti | New York Institute of Technology; Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey |
| 2026-10-28 | [German farmers' preferences for peatland rewetting schemes: Autonomy, flexibility and institutional trust](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2026.108407) | [Land Use Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/land-use-policy.md) | Marius Michels, Oliver Mußhoff | University of Göttingen; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin |
| 2026-10-27 | [Interaction-aware graph learning for non-stationary extreme value modeling of crash risk using real-world pre-crash trajectories](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.134913) | [Expert Systems with Applications](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/expert-systems-with-applications.md) | Kequan Chen, Yuxuan Wang, Zhibin Li et al. | Nanyang Technological University; Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Southeast University; … |
| 2026-10-27 | [TempCTI-KG: Temporal validity and confidence decay modeling for Cyber Threat Intelligence knowledge graphs](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teler.2026.100383) | [Telematics and Informatics Reports](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/telematics-and-informatics-reports.md) | Doygun Demirol | Bingöl University |
| 2026-10-27 | [Data-driven reweighting of the Charlson and Elixhauser comorbidity indices using German claims data: development for in-hospital mortality only, external validation across clinical and health-economic outcomes](https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-026-00888-9) | [Health Economics Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/health-economics-review.md) | Klaus Kaier, Derek Y. Hazard, Adrian Heidenreich et al. | University of Freiburg; University Medical Center Freiburg; Universitäts-Herzzentrum Freiburg-Bad Krozingen |
| 2026-10-27 | [Beyond temporal encoding: Efficient and hierarchical model-level online adaptation for tabular distribution shift](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2026.109802) | [Neural Networks](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/neural-networks.md) | Tianyu Wang, Mian Li, Xi Vincent Wang et al. | KTH Royal Institute of Technology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University |
| 2026-10-26 | [From unimodal to multimodal deep physiological signal analysis in healthcare: A survey of models, fusion and explainability](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2026.117256) | [Knowledge-Based Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/knowledge-based-systems.md) | Thilini Bakmeedeniya, Selvarajah Thuseethan, Roshan Ragel et al. | University of Peradeniya; NSBM Green University; Charles Darwin University |
| 2026-10-26 | [The Precautionary Principle and the Innovation Principle: Incompatible Guides?](https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-026-01208-z) | [Philosophy & Technology](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/philosophy-technology.md) | Kim Kaivanto | Lancaster University |
| 2026-10-24 | [Beyond membership inference: Distributional leakage in diffusion models](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2026.105214) | [Computers & Security](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/computers-security.md) | Sergio Barezzani, Pasquale Coscia, Stefano Ferrari et al. | University of Milan |
| 2026-10-24 | [AI vs. AI: An AI-Enabled Conversational Intervention to Inoculate Against AI-Generated Fake News](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-026-10827-y) | [Information Systems Frontiers](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/information-systems-frontiers.md) | Mohammad S. Najjar, Murtaza Nasir | Wichita State University |
| 2026-10-23 | [Dynamic prediction of loss given default in Norwegian retail credit card debt: advanced machine learning versus statistical models](https://doi.org/10.1007/s42521-026-00230-2) | [Digital Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/digital-finance.md) | Cathy Ho, Isabel A. C. Sandersen, Espen Selliken et al. | Norwegian University of Science and Technology |
| 2026-10-23 | [Approaches to utility value assessment in NICE technology appraisals of targeted therapies for non-small-cell lung cancer: a critical examination and recommendations](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-026-01954-z) | [The European Journal of Health Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/the-european-journal-of-health-economics.md) | Lotte Westerink, Maarten Jacobus Postma, Job F. M. van Boven et al. | University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Universitas Airlangga; … |
| 2026-10-23 | [Gradual disturbance detection model inspired by dynamic graph theory for digital twin manufacturing cell](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jii.2026.101232) | [Journal of Industrial Information Integration](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-industrial-information-integration.md) | Yaguang Zhou, Guanghui Zhou, Chao Zhang et al. | Xi'an Jiaotong University; Brunel University of London |
| 2026-10-23 | [Behavioural continuity does not guarantee cybersecurity risk portability: Evidence from device, intervention, and longitudinal perturbations](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2026.105224) | [Computers & Security](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/computers-security.md) | Chattopadhyay Kausik, Pant Millie | Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee |
| 2026-10-23 | [Improved classification of agricultural injuries from free-text analysis of pre-hospital care reports under temporal drift](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-026-03027-4) | [BMC Medical Research Methodology](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/bmc-medical-research-methodology.md) | Laura Jones, Erika Scott, Nicole L. Krupa et al. | Bassett Medical Center; University of Michigan |
| 2026-10-23 | [When Does Analytic Complexity Matter? A Theory-Informed Comparison of Regression-Based and Algorithmically Flexible Models of Student Success in Community Colleges](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10755-026-09968-4) | [Innovative Higher Education](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/innovative-higher-education.md) | JoHyun Kim, Jeongmin Ji, Seung Won Yoon | Texas A&M University; Korea Institute for Curriculum and Evaluation |
| 2026-10-22 | [Residual scenario generation for stochastic planning: An emergency medical services application](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2026.106096) | [Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/transportation-research-part-c-emerging-technologies.md) | Paulo Abreu, Daniel Santos, Maximilian Schiffer et al. | University of Lisbon; Instituto Superior Técnico; Centro de Estudos de Gestão; … |
| 2026-10-22 | [An automated online proctoring system with live suspicious activity detection using YOLOv11 pose estimation and multi-model classification](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2026.100688) | [Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/computers-and-education-artificial-intelligence.md) | Md. Taslim Arif, Abu Salyh Muhammad Mussa, Abdullah Al Mamun et al. |  |
| 2026-10-21 | [Responsible AI-driven decision-making for fair and efficient continuity of care among older adults](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2026.103685) | [Omega](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/omega.md) | Somayeh Ghazalbash, Manaf Zargoush, Vedat Verter et al. | McMaster University; Queen's University; Northeastern University |
| 2026-10-21 | [Auditable distillation of tabular foundation models into percentile-based fuzzy rules under a concept bottleneck](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2026.124327) | [Information Sciences](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/information-sciences.md) | Jacek Kluska, Tomasz Stachyra, Ewelina Jamrozik | Rzeszów University of Technology |
| 2026-10-20 | [From NER to Business Process Automation: comparative evaluation of CNN, LSTM, and transformer models for address intelligence](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-026-02901-3) | [Knowledge and Information Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/knowledge-and-information-systems.md) | Vikas Jalodia, Divya Srivastava, Saurabh Kumar Srivastava | Bennett University |
| 2026-10-19 | [A systematic literature review of bank failure prediction models](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.finr.2026.100186) | [Finance Research Open](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/finance-research-open.md) | Japheth Jev, Lukman Akanbi, Muhammad Bilal et al. | Birmingham City University; Birmingham Newman University; University of Greater Manchester |
| 2026-10-19 | [Reusability report: multi-sample omics network inference operates in distinct robustness regimes defined by prior knowledge and data availability](https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-026-01311-y) | [Nature Machine Intelligence](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/nature-machine-intelligence.md) | Xabier Martinez‐de‐Morentin, Sameer Ahmad Khan, Itziar Cenzano et al. | King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Ilia State University; Karolinska University Hospital; … |
| 2026-10-17 | [Development and COSMIN-based psychometric evaluation of the activities of daily living questionnaire for elderly iranian patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ADLEC): a sequential exploratory mixed-methods study using hybrid concept analysis](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-026-02655-0) | [Health and Quality of Life Outcomes](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/health-and-quality-of-life-outcomes.md) | Fateme Monjazebi, Asghar Dalvandi, Fereshteh Najafi et al. | Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences; Zahedan University of Medical Sciences |
| 2026-10-17 | [Tech Mining with LLMs: Unveiling Trends from Corporate Websites](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10614-026-11451-3) | [Computational Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/computational-economics.md) | Xavier Martínez-Barbero, Ana Pastor-Merino, Josep Domènech | Universitat Politècnica de València |
| 2026-10-16 | [Customer complaint analytics in digital financial services: temporal prediction of untimely responses and capacity-aware prioritization](https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-026-01021-2) | [Future Business Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/future-business-journal.md) | Jinho Cha, Lam Trong Vu, Thanh-Tung Nguyen et al. | Gwinnett Technical College; CMC University; Texas A&M University – Corpus Christi |
| 2026-10-16 | [Generative deep learning for class imbalance in credit risk modeling: comparative evaluation of synthetic oversampling methods and an elastic oversampling extension](https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-026-00970-5) | [Financial Innovation](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/financial-innovation.md) | Tae Yeon Kwon | Hankuk University of Foreign Studies |
| 2026-10-16 | [Quality of measurement instruments assessing Planetary and One Health Literacy related constructs: a systematic review](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-026-02652-3) | [Health and Quality of Life Outcomes](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/health-and-quality-of-life-outcomes.md) | Lydia Reismann, Jennifer Kallenbach, Christian Apfelbacher et al. | University of Bayreuth; MSH Medical School Hamburg – University of Applied Sciences and Medical University; Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg; … |
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| 2026-10-16 | [The Challenges of Hyperparameter Tuning for Accurate Causal Effect Estimation](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-026-07140-9) | [Machine Learning](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/machine-learning.md) | Damian Machlanski, Spyridon Samothrakis, Paul Clarke | University of Edinburgh; University of Essex; Institute for Social and Economic Research |
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## Cite this page

Scholar4AI. (2026). ROC curve and AUC. Journal and Conference Research Rankings. Retrieved November 5, 2026, from https://scholar4ai.com/equations/roc-curve-and-auc

```bibtex
@misc{scholar4ai-equations-roc-curve-and-auc,
  author = {{Scholar4AI}},
  title = {ROC curve and AUC},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://scholar4ai.com/equations/roc-curve-and-auc}},
  urldate = {2026-11-05},
  note = {Journal and Conference Research Rankings; data from OpenAlex (CC0); licensed CC BY-NC 4.0}
}
```

License: CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).