---
title: "Two-way fixed-effects panel regression: formula and papers"
description: "Two-way fixed-effects panel regression was mentioned in 63 papers in the last 30 days (2026-09-27 to 2026-10-26), ranking #15 of the 104 equations and models mentioned."
url: https://scholar4ai.com/equations/two-way-fixed-effects-panel-regression
markdown_url: https://scholar4ai.com/equations/two-way-fixed-effects-panel-regression.md
license: CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
data_url: https://scholar4ai.com/data/rankings.json
updated: 2026-10-26T12:13:05+09:00
window: 2026-09-27 to 2026-10-26
source: OpenAlex (CC0)
---

# Two-way fixed-effects panel regression

$$
y_{it} = \alpha_i + \lambda_t + x_{it}^\top\beta + \varepsilon_{it}
$$

Panel regression with unit and time fixed effects that absorb time-invariant differences and common shocks.

- area: Regression models
- 7 papers in the last 7 days
- Names searched for: fixed effect, two-way fixed effect, TWFE

Back to the ranking: https://scholar4ai.com/rankings/equations.md

## Key findings

- Two-way fixed-effects panel regression was mentioned in 63 papers in the last 30 days (2026-09-27 to 2026-10-26), ranking #15 of the 104 equations and models mentioned.
- By journal category: Finance (25), Economics (24), Management (11), Operations Research (2) and AI (1).
- Most of them appeared in International Review of Economics & Finance (16), Future Business Journal (5) and Energy Policy (3).
- Often mentioned together with Ordinary least squares (OLS) (22), Instrumental variables (two-stage least squares) (21) and Difference-in-differences (20).
- Datasets named in the same papers: World Development Indicators (World Bank) (7), CSMAR (7) and Economic Policy Uncertainty index (7).

*Papers mentioning Two-way fixed-effects panel regression, newest first. Newest 50 of 63 papers; all of them are in /data/papers.json.*

| Date | Title | Journal | Authors | Affiliations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-10-23 | [Job insecurity and health: evidence from older European workers](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-026-02992-5) | [Empirical Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/empirical-economics.md) | Eduard Suari‐Andreu, Tim Schwartz, Max van Lent et al. | Leiden University; Network for Studies on Pensions, Aging and Retirement; SEO Amsterdam Economics; … |
| 2026-10-23 | [Evaluating machine learning and econometric models for inflation forecasting: evidence from a Sub-Saharan African panel](https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-026-01003-4) | [Future Business Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/future-business-journal.md) | Baffour Osei, Abigail Boatemaa, Isaac Nyame et al. | University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development; University of Bradford; Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology; … |
| 2026-10-22 | [When do hydrogen technology patents improve ecological performance? Cross-country evidence on mediation and threshold effects in the load capacity factor](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2026.115673) | [Energy Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/energy-policy.md) | Brahim Bergougui | Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; National Higher School of Statistics and Applied Economy; EconomiX; … |
| 2026-10-22 | [Income responsiveness of household energy expenditure across life-cycle stages: Evidence from China](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2026.115669) | [Energy Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/energy-policy.md) | Danhong Ma, Weizhen Ren, Zilong Zhang | Lanzhou University; Henan University |
| 2026-10-22 | [Business networks and the persistence of entrepreneurship: evidence from China](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-026-01292-7) | [Small Business Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/small-business-economics.md) | Han Wang, Neil Lee | University of Southampton; London School of Economics and Political Science |
| 2026-10-21 | [Buffering institutional erosion: organizational ties and SME exports under populism](https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-026-00911-5) | [Journal of International Business Studies](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-international-business-studies.md) | Xiaolong Shui, Luyang Chen, Michael; id_orcid 0000-0002-4701-6283 Witt | University of Bristol; Bristol Robotics Laboratory; University of Westminster; … |
| 2026-10-21 | [The economic geography of Churches: housing market effects in Stockholm](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10824-026-09609-w) | [Journal of Cultural Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-cultural-economics.md) | Mats Wilhelmsson | KTH Royal Institute of Technology |
| 2026-10-19 | [Firm-level effects of AI attention on wages and productivity: A global comparative study](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2026.124913) | [Technological Forecasting and Social Change](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/technological-forecasting-and-social-change.md) | Swapnanil SenGupta | Goethe University Frankfurt; Halle Institute for Economic Research |
| 2026-10-17 | [The transparency dividend: Effects of corporate environmental management information disclosure on green-tech FDIs in emerging-market cities](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2026.101433) | [Journal of International Management](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-international-management.md) | Zhuoran Liu, Yameng Zhang, Honglan Yu et al. | Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University; University of Sheffield |
| 2026-10-15 | [Gas flaring, agricultural productivity and labor reallocation: Evidence from Nigeria](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2026.103947) | [Journal of Development Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-development-economics.md) | Arinze Nwokolo | Pan-Atlantic University |
| 2026-10-15 | [Investment additionality and job creation: evidence from reforms to regional development funding in Germany](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-026-01570-y) | [The Annals of Regional Science](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/the-annals-of-regional-science.md) | Björn Alecke, Timo Mitze | University of Koblenz and Landau; Universität Koblenz |
| 2026-10-15 | [Expansions in scope of practice provider regulations for certified nurse midwives & maternal-infant health outcomes: evidence from PRAMS](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11149-026-09527-x) | [Journal of Regulatory Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-regulatory-economics.md) | Agnitra Roy Choudhury, Alicia Plemmons, Sriparna Ghosh | Auburn University at Montgomery; West Virginia University; Morgantown High School |
| 2026-10-15 | [The dynamics of credit rating report content](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jempfin.2026.101782) | [Journal of Empirical Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-empirical-finance.md) | Florian Kiesel, Darren J. Kisgen | Free University of Bozen-Bolzano; Boston College |
| 2026-10-14 | [ESG disclosure and sustainable financial performance: the mediating role of institutional ownership in Tanzanian commercial banks](https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-026-01020-3) | [Future Business Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/future-business-journal.md) | Zawadi Ally, Flavianus Benedicto Ng’eni | Institute of Finance Management |
| 2026-10-14 | [From tests to treatments: How is increased diagnostic testing related to inpatient and outpatient cancer care?](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2026.101657) | [Economics & Human Biology](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/economics-human-biology.md) | Ni Gao, Panos Kasteridis, Peter Mathew Sivey et al. | University of York; Renmin University of China |
| 2026-10-14 | [Government-sourced categorical economic policy uncertainty](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105966) | [International Review of Economics & Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics-finance.md) | Khanh Cong Gia Hoang, Linh Pham, Thanh Ngo et al. |  |
| 2026-10-13 | [Training and productivity in micro-firms](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2026.105637) | [Research Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/research-policy.md) | Marco Rispoli, Federico Tamagni | Prometeia (Italy); Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna |
| 2026-10-12 | [Science-finance integration and the formation of patient capital: Evidence from China's Sci-Tech Finance Pilot](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2026.10.008) | [Economic Analysis and Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/economic-analysis-and-policy.md) | Zengming WU, Lilong Huang, Wei Zhang et al. | Wenzhou Business College; Macao Polytechnic University |
| 2026-10-12 | [The influence of inflation on commercial bank performance: a systematic review](https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-026-01013-2) | [Future Business Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/future-business-journal.md) | Safwan Al-Dhobee, Mohammed Al-Rafaik, Ali Al-Oluki et al. | Sana'a University; Thamar University; Al-Razi University |
| 2026-10-11 | [Employment effects of the Farmers to Families Food Box program on small businesses](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2026.103204) | [Food Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/food-policy.md) | Mackenzie Gill, Lauren Chenarides, D. Adeline Yeh et al. | University of Tennessee at Knoxville; Colorado State University; Economic Research Service; … |
| 2026-10-10 | [When heat hits: Short-run saving and withdrawal behavior among microfinance clients in Benin](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2026.107578) | [World Development](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/world-development.md) | Anna Mader, Oliver Mußhoff | Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin |
| 2026-10-09 | [Labor agglomeration and low-carbon transition: Evidence from China’s city cluster development strategies](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2026.10.002) | [Structural Change and Economic Dynamics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/structural-change-and-economic-dynamics.md) | Xinyang Dong, Yuan Liu, Junming Zhu et al. | Tsinghua University |
| 2026-10-09 | [Place-based variation in health care: evidence from mandatory movers in the U.S. military health system](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2026.103192) | [Journal of Health Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-health-economics.md) | Roxana Leal, Wei Luan, Jonathan Skinner et al. | Institute For Defense Analyses; Dartmouth College; Dartmouth Hospital |
| 2026-10-08 | [Entrepreneurship development, corruption perception, and sustainable development outcomes in emerging economies: the moderating role of digital financial inclusion](https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-026-01019-w) | [Future Business Journal](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/future-business-journal.md) | Seun Adebowale Adebanjo |  |
| 2026-10-08 | [When women take all: Direct election and female leadership](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2026.107791) | [Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-economic-behavior-organization.md) | Davide Cipullo | Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Enel (Italy) |
| 2026-10-08 | [Is the relationship between climate policy uncertainty and cash holding nonlinear?](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2026.102730) | [The North American Journal of Economics and Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/the-north-american-journal-of-economics-and-finance.md) | Augustinos I. Dimitras, Efstathios Magerakis, George Peppas | Hellenic Open University |
| 2026-10-07 | [The conditional value relevance of ESG and innovation disclosures: a multi-method analysis of European firms combining panel econometrics and machine learning](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-026-07442-0) | [Annals of Operations Research](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/annals-of-operations-research.md) | Andreas Errikos Delegkos, Evangelia Arsenou, Dionisis Cavouras et al. | University of West Attica; University College Dublin |
| 2026-10-06 | [Regional heterogeneity in the relationship between temperature and household electricity consumption across rural South Africa](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2026.102348) | [Utilities Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/utilities-policy.md) | Yuxiang Ye, Saien Moodley, Steven F. Koch | University of the Witwatersrand; University of Pretoria |
| 2026-10-06 | [Attention-amplified sentiment and jump risk in Bitcoin and Ethereum markets: A text-augmented Hawkes framework](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2026.105431) | [International Review of Financial Analysis](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-financial-analysis.md) | Alev Atak, Philip Hans Franses | Middle East Technical University; Erasmus University Rotterdam |
| 2026-10-06 | [Can the digital revolution drive green growth? —the internal mechanism of corporate digital and intelligent transformation and green total factor productivity](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105955) | [International Review of Economics & Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics-finance.md) | Siming Chen, Feichong Yue, Yaxi Qian et al. | Chinese Academy of Governance; Jilin University; Shanghai University of Political Science and Law; … |
| 2026-10-06 | [Silent partners no more: Wife's managerial involvement and corporate carbon emissions in Chinese family firms](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105936) | [International Review of Economics & Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics-finance.md) | Zhan Xu, Yetong Hao | Capital University of Economics and Business |
| 2026-10-05 | [How parent resource allocation shapes group productivity: The contingent role of subsidiary traits](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105943) | [International Review of Economics & Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics-finance.md) | Jianyong Liu, Yizheng Wu, Wei Zhang et al. | China University of Mining and Technology; Shanghai University of International Business and Economics |
| 2026-10-05 | [Beyond readability: Managerial disclosure cohesion and information asymmetry](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2026.110883) | [Finance research letters](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/finance-research-letters.md) | Li Dang, Chuancai Zhang | California Polytechnic State University |
| 2026-10-05 | [The cost of collateral scarcity: Asset prices and misallocation in supply crises](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2026.107873) | [Economic Modelling](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/economic-modelling.md) | Ye Zhang, Ying Tung Chan | Tohoku University; Beijing Normal-Hong Kong Baptist University |
| 2026-10-05 | [Sailing on trust: The impact of social credit system construction on corporate ESG performance](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105944) | [International Review of Economics & Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics-finance.md) | Zhiqiang Bian, Caibin Zhang | Shandong Institute of Business and Technology; Liaoning University |
| 2026-10-04 | [Watts to wealth: Electricity, efficiency, and industrial asset pricing](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105924) | [International Review of Economics & Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics-finance.md) | Anna Pirogova |  |
| 2026-10-03 | [Relief policies for equity pledge and corporate innovation: Evidence from Chinese non-state-owned high-tech listed firms](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105938) | [International Review of Economics & Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics-finance.md) | Deqiang Deng, Yuli Wang, Jiawei Liu et al. | Nanjing Forestry University; Central University of Finance and Economics; Newcastle University; … |
| 2026-10-02 | [Targeted bidders in government tenders](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2026.107779) | [Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-economic-behavior-organization.md) | Matilde Cappelletti, Leonardo Maria Giuffrida | Centre for European Economic Research; University of Mannheim |
| 2026-10-02 | [Assessing inter-rater agreement among large language model judges: Evidence from persona evaluation across varying educational risk contexts](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2026.124894) | [Technological Forecasting and Social Change](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/technological-forecasting-and-social-change.md) | Danial Amin, Joni O. Salminen, Bernard J. Jim Jansen | University of Vaasa; Peking University; Nankai University |
| 2026-10-02 | [When code fails: Operational trust shocks and liquidity scarring in decentralized finance](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2026.110877) | [Finance research letters](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/finance-research-letters.md) | Michael Zouari, Ilan Alon, Ze’ev Shtudiner | Ariel University; Corvinus University of Budapest |
| 2026-10-02 | [Symbolic promotions: Conceptualization and empirical investigation](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-026-01202-z) | [Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-the-academy-of-marketing-science.md) | Chloé Vanasse, François Anthony Carrillat, Renaud Legoux et al. | HEC Montréal; Griffith University; UNSW Sydney |
| 2026-10-01 | [Thou shalt not fear: Crime drama and safety concerns](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2026.113318) | [Economics Letters](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/economics-letters.md) | Dariia Mykhailyshyna, David Zuchowski | Kyiv School of Economics; Universitat de València |
| 2026-10-01 | [How Far Do the Green Land-Use Benefits of Digitalization Travel? Spatial Evidence from the Yangtze River Economic Belt](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.106002) | [International Review of Economics & Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics-finance.md) | Meiqi Chen, Hyukku Lee | Pai Chai University |
| 2026-10-01 | [Digital economy, digital governance, innovation, and industrial land-use efficiency: an analytical framework and empirical evidence from urban China](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2026.101178) | [Journal of Innovation & Knowledge](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-innovation-knowledge.md) | Chunxiao Cui, Hao Liu | Zhejiang Gongshang University; Anhui Agricultural University |
| 2026-10-01 | [Trade Specialization, Exchange Rates and Industrial Development: Evidence from Rare Earths and Niobium](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105983) | [International Review of Economics & Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics-finance.md) | Mauricio Martinelli Luperi | Fundação Dom Cabral |
| 2026-10-01 | [Climate Policy Stringency and the Repricing of Capital: Evidence on the Greenium, Financing Costs, and Carbon-Pricing Announcements](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105972) | [International Review of Economics & Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics-finance.md) | Xueyan Bai, Biao Liu, Yaming Liang et al. | Macquarie University; China University of Political Science and Law; Shanghai Jiao Tong University |
| 2026-10-01 | [AI Narratives and Factual Response Gaps: Disclosure Choices and Market Responses in Investor-Firm Q&A](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105884) | [International Review of Economics & Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-review-of-economics-finance.md) | 辛世博, Yuechen Wang, Bowen Liang | Beijing Technology and Business University; University of International Business and Economics |
| 2026-10-01 | [Policy support, digital transformation, and firm innovation efficiency](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2026.10.017) | [Economic Analysis and Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/economic-analysis-and-policy.md) | Yingxue Duan, Fan Yang |  |
| 2026-10-01 | [Reopening is not Recovery: Institutional Hysteresis in the Libyan Stock Market](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2026.100920) | [Borsa Istanbul Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/borsa-istanbul-review.md) | Suliman Alshahmy, Charilaos Mertzanis | Heriot-Watt University Dubai; Libyan Academy; Abu Dhabi University |
| 2026-10-01 | [Trade finance systems and global value chain participation: Global evidence with insights from Africa](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2026.101454) | [Economic Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/economic-systems.md) | Klavdij Logožar, Carin Strydom | University of Maribor; North-West University |