---
title: "Most-used data: finance, economics, AI"
description: "The kinds of data mentioned most in the tracked finance, accounting, economics, management, operations research and AI journals over the last 30 days were Optimization benchmark instances (113), Social media data (61), Image classification benchmarks (60), Macroeconomic and development indicators (59) and Uncertainty and sentiment indices (55)."
url: https://scholar4ai.com/rankings/datasets
markdown_url: https://scholar4ai.com/rankings/datasets.md
license: CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
share_text: "Most-used data in research journals, last 30 days: Optimization benchmark instances (113), Social media data (61) and Image classification benchmarks (60). (as of 2026-10-26)"
data_url: https://scholar4ai.com/data/rankings.json
updated: 2026-10-26T14:52:47+09:00
window: 2026-09-27 to 2026-10-26
source: OpenAlex (CC0)
---

# Most-used data

Datasets are grouped into data categories. A paper counts once for each dataset it mentions by name, in its title, abstract, keywords or full text, and once for each category with at least one of them. Window: 2026-09-27 – 2026-10-26 (30 days).

## Key findings

- The kinds of data mentioned most in the tracked finance, accounting, economics, management, operations research and AI journals over the last 30 days were Optimization benchmark instances (113), Social media data (61), Image classification benchmarks (60), Macroeconomic and development indicators (59) and Uncertainty and sentiment indices (55).
- The most-mentioned single datasets were OR-Library (109), S&P 500 (34), Economic Policy Uncertainty index (31), ImageNet (31) and World Development Indicators (World Bank) (30).
- Most-mentioned datasets in each journal category: Finance: S&P 500 (21) and Economic Policy Uncertainty index (16); Accounting: Amadeus (Bureau van Dijk) (1) and Audit Analytics (1); Economics: International Energy Agency (IEA) (17) and OR-Library (17); Management: OR-Library (18) and Facebook (14); Operations Research: OR-Library (22) and S&P 500 (4); AI: OR-Library (38) and CIFAR-10 / CIFAR-100 (29).
- 642 of the 3,332 papers (19%) mention at least one of the 371 watched datasets.

## By data category

*Data categories · 2026-09-27 – 2026-10-26 (30 days)*

| # | Data category | Most-mentioned datasets | Papers | By journal category | What it covers | Last 7 days |
|---:|---|---|---:|---|---|---:|
| 1 | [Optimization benchmark instances](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/optimization-benchmark-instances.md) | OR-Library (109), CEC benchmark functions (4), PSPLIB (1) | 113 | AI 40 · Operations Research 24 · Management 18 · Economics 17 · Finance 14 | Standard problem instances for routing, scheduling and integer programming, and test functions for metaheuristics. | 18 |
| 2 | [Social media data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/social-media-data.md) | Twitter / X (29), Facebook (27), YouTube / TikTok (17), Reddit (4) … | 61 | Management 24 · Finance 14 · AI 14 · Economics 4 · Operations Research 4 · Accounting 1 | Posts and activity from social networks and investor forums. | 6 |
| 3 | [Image classification benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/image-classification-benchmarks.md) | ImageNet (31), CIFAR-10 / CIFAR-100 (29), MNIST / Fashion-MNIST (22), SVHN (5) … | 60 | AI 58 · Finance 1 · Management 1 | Labelled image collections used to train and compare image classifiers. | 6 |
| 4 | [Macroeconomic and development indicators](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/macroeconomic-and-development-indicators.md) | World Development Indicators (World Bank) (30), Eurostat (23), Penn World Table (7), IMF data (IFS, WEO, DOTS) (7) … | 59 | Economics 33 · Finance 14 · Management 9 · Operations Research 2 · Accounting 1 | Cross-country series on output, prices, trade, population and development. | 7 |
| 5 | [Uncertainty and sentiment indices](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/uncertainty-and-sentiment-indices.md) | Economic Policy Uncertainty index (31), Climate Policy Uncertainty index (15), Geopolitical Risk index (11), Trade Policy Uncertainty index (6) … | 55 | Finance 32 · Economics 15 · Management 6 · Accounting 1 · Operations Research 1 | Text- and survey-based indices of policy uncertainty, geopolitical risk, investor sentiment and financial stress. | 5 |
| 6 | [Stock market indices](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/stock-market-indices.md) | S&P 500 (34), CSI 300 / Shanghai Composite (8), Euro Stoxx / DAX (6), MSCI indices (5) … | 49 | Finance 28 · Economics 7 · Operations Research 6 · Management 5 · AI 2 · Accounting 1 | Benchmark equity indices used as market returns, samples or index-membership designs. | 5 |
| 7 | [Energy and emissions data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/energy-and-emissions-data.md) | International Energy Agency (IEA) (26), Global Carbon Project (4), ENTSO-E / Nord Pool electricity data (3), US Energy Information Administration (EIA) (2) … | 37 | Economics 23 · Finance 8 · Management 3 · Operations Research 3 | Energy production, consumption and prices, and greenhouse-gas and pollution inventories. | 1 |
| 8 | [Online reviews, e-commerce and recommender data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/online-reviews-e-commerce-and-recommender-data.md) | Amazon reviews (8), Airbnb (5), Taobao / Tmall / JD.com (5), Yelp (3) … | 27 | AI 17 · Management 8 · Economics 2 | Product and service reviews, ratings, purchases and user-item interactions. | 0 |
| 8 | [Search, news and web data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/search-news-and-web-data.md) | Google Trends (11), Wikipedia (9), GDELT (5), Baidu Index (1) … | 27 | Finance 10 · AI 9 · Economics 4 · Management 2 · Operations Research 2 | Search volumes, news archives and web content used to measure attention, news and sentiment. | 4 |
| 10 | [China household and social surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-household-and-social-surveys.md) | China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) (11), China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) (9), China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) (4), CHARLS (3) … | 26 | Economics 13 · Finance 10 · AI 2 · Operations Research 1 | Chinese household, ageing, health and social surveys. | 4 |
| 10 | [International trade and input-output data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/international-trade-and-input-output-data.md) | WITS / TRAINS tariff data (14), World Input-Output Database (WIOD) (6), OECD TiVA / ICIO (5), UN Comtrade (2) … | 26 | Economics 16 · Management 5 · Finance 4 · Operations Research 1 | Bilateral trade flows, tariffs, customs records and input-output tables. | 5 |
| 10 | [Object detection and segmentation benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/object-detection-and-segmentation-benchmarks.md) | MS COCO (11), nuScenes / Waymo Open / Argoverse (8), KITTI (5), PASCAL VOC (4) … | 26 | AI 24 · Operations Research 2 | Images labelled with object boxes or pixel masks, including driving scenes. | 3 |
| 10 | [Public machine learning repositories](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/public-machine-learning-repositories.md) | UCI Machine Learning Repository (10), Kaggle (9), Hugging Face Hub (8), OpenML (2) | 26 | AI 19 · Management 3 · Finance 2 · Operations Research 2 | Repositories and competition platforms that host many tabular and other datasets. | 4 |
| 14 | [Financial data platforms](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/financial-data-platforms.md) | Refinitiv Datastream (7), Bloomberg (4), WRDS (4), Yahoo Finance (4) … | 25 | Finance 14 · Management 4 · Economics 3 · Accounting 2 · Operations Research 1 · AI 1 | Commercial terminals and data services with prices, fundamentals and economic series. | 3 |
| 15 | [China financial and firm databases](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-financial-and-firm-databases.md) | CSMAR (19), CNRDS (8), Wind (6) | 22 | Finance 16 · Management 4 · Economics 1 · AI 1 | Financial statements, trading, ownership and governance data of Chinese listed companies. | 2 |
| 15 | [Governance and institutional indicators](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/governance-and-institutional-indicators.md) | Worldwide Governance Indicators (15), V-Dem (5), International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) (3), Economic freedom indices (3) … | 22 | Economics 9 · Finance 6 · Management 6 · Accounting 1 | Country indices of governance, democracy, corruption, economic freedom, political risk and capital openness. | 1 |
| 15 | [Medical and clinical datasets](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/medical-and-clinical-datasets.md) | MIMIC (7), PhysioNet / MIT-BIH (5), ADNI (3), BraTS (3) … | 22 | AI 22 | Clinical records, medical images and physiological signals used in medical machine learning. | 0 |
| 18 | [China statistical yearbooks and regional indices](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-statistical-yearbooks-and-regional-indices.md) | Marketization index (Fan Gang) (13), China Statistical Yearbook (3), National Bureau of Statistics of China (3), China City Statistical Yearbook (2) … | 21 | Finance 10 · Economics 7 · Management 3 · AI 1 | Province- and city-level statistics from Chinese statistical yearbooks, and regional indices built from them. | 0 |
| 18 | [Corporate filings and text](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/corporate-filings-and-text.md) | Loughran-McDonald dictionary (10), Earnings call transcripts (9), 10-K filings (5), XBRL filings (2) … | 21 | Finance 13 · Management 4 · Accounting 1 · Economics 1 · Operations Research 1 · AI 1 | Annual reports and other regulatory filings, earnings calls, and the word lists used to read them. | 1 |
| 18 | [Cross-country social and attitude surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cross-country-social-and-attitude-surveys.md) | World Values Survey (6), Gallup World Poll (6), Global Findex (6), Eurobarometer (3) … | 21 | Economics 11 · Management 6 · Finance 2 · Operations Research 1 · AI 1 | Surveys run in many countries on values, trust, well-being, financial inclusion and skills. | 1 |
| 21 | [Options and volatility data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/options-and-volatility-data.md) | VIX (18), OVX (crude oil volatility index) (3) | 19 | Finance 14 · Economics 4 · AI 1 | Option prices and implied volatilities, and volatility indices such as the VIX. | 1 |
| 21 | [Text and NLP benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/text-and-nlp-benchmarks.md) | IMDb (6), GLUE / SuperGLUE (4), Retrieval and QA (MS MARCO, Natural Questions, HotpotQA) (4), Natural language inference (SNLI, MultiNLI) (3) … | 19 | AI 15 · Management 2 · Finance 1 · Economics 1 | Corpora and benchmarks for language understanding, question answering and text classification. | 3 |
| 23 | [Commodity prices](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/commodity-prices.md) | WTI crude oil (9), Brent crude oil (8), London Metal Exchange / LBMA (2) | 18 | Finance 9 · Economics 7 · Management 1 · AI 1 | Benchmark prices of crude oil, natural gas, metals and agricultural commodities. | 2 |
| 24 | [European and other national household panels](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/european-and-other-national-household-panels.md) | Labour Force Surveys (5), SHARE (4), German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) (3), Understanding Society / BHPS (2) … | 17 | Economics 14 · Finance 3 | Household panels and surveys of Europe, Australia, Japan and Korea. | 4 |
| 24 | [Job postings and occupation data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/job-postings-and-occupation-data.md) | LinkedIn (13), Lightcast (Burning Glass) (2), O*NET (2), Glassdoor (1) | 17 | Management 9 · Finance 3 · Economics 3 · Accounting 1 · Operations Research 1 | Online job ads, occupational task descriptions, worker profiles and employer reviews. | 1 |
| 26 | [Company financial statements](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/company-financial-statements.md) | Compustat (11), Orbis (Bureau van Dijk) (3), Amadeus (Bureau van Dijk) (1), S&P Capital IQ (1) | 16 | Finance 7 · Management 6 · Accounting 2 · Economics 1 | Balance sheets, income statements and other accounting data of listed and private companies. | 1 |
| 26 | [US macroeconomic data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/us-macroeconomic-data.md) | FRED (5), University of Michigan Surveys of Consumers (5), Bureau of Economic Analysis (4), Bureau of Labor Statistics (2) … | 16 | Economics 7 · Finance 6 · Management 3 | US national accounts, prices, labour statistics and expectation surveys. | 3 |
| 28 | [Weather, climate and disaster data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/weather-climate-and-disaster-data.md) | ERA5 reanalysis (5), NOAA (5), CMIP climate projections (3), FEMA disaster data (2) … | 15 | Economics 7 · AI 4 · Operations Research 2 · Finance 1 · Management 1 | Weather observations, climate reanalyses and projections, and disaster records. | 2 |
| 29 | [Developing-country household surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/developing-country-household-surveys.md) | Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) (5), Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) (5), India National Sample Survey (2), India Human Development Survey (1) … | 14 | Economics 12 · Finance 1 · AI 1 | Household, health and living-standards surveys of low- and middle-income countries. | 2 |
| 29 | [ESG and sustainability ratings](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/esg-and-sustainability-ratings.md) | MSCI ESG / KLD (3), Refinitiv ESG (ASSET4) (3), CDP (Carbon Disclosure Project) (3), Huazheng / Sino-Securities ESG (3) … | 14 | Finance 5 · Management 5 · Operations Research 2 · Accounting 1 · Economics 1 | Environmental, social and governance scores, controversies and carbon data of companies. | 0 |
| 31 | [Satellite and geospatial data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/satellite-and-geospatial-data.md) | Night-time lights (VIIRS, DMSP) (5), Sentinel / Copernicus (3), OpenStreetMap (3), Landsat (2) … | 13 | Economics 6 · Operations Research 3 · Finance 2 · AI 2 | Night-time lights, land cover, satellite imagery and maps. | 4 |
| 31 | [US household and labour surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/us-household-and-labour-surveys.md) | Health and Retirement Study (5), Current Population Survey (3), IPUMS (2), Consumer Expenditure Survey (2) … | 13 | Economics 9 · Management 3 · AI 1 | US panel and cross-section surveys of households and workers: income, wealth, spending, health and work. | 1 |
| 31 | [US stock market data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/us-stock-market-data.md) | CRSP (12), NYSE TAQ (2) | 13 | Finance 9 · Economics 2 · Management 1 · Operations Research 1 | Prices, returns, trading volume, quotes and shares outstanding of US-listed stocks. | 4 |
| 34 | [Firm surveys and census data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/firm-surveys-and-census-data.md) | World Bank Enterprise Surveys (9), Chinese Industrial Enterprises Database (1), CMIE Prowess (1), US Census business data (LBD, CBP, QCEW) (1) | 12 | Management 5 · Economics 4 · Finance 3 | Surveys and administrative records of firms and plants, including private firms. | 4 |
| 35 | [Face, person and video benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/face-person-and-video-benchmarks.md) | Action recognition (Kinetics, UCF101, HMDB51) (5), Person re-identification (Market-1501, DukeMTMC, MSMT17) (3), Face recognition (LFW, CelebA, VGGFace2) (1), Facial expression (FER2013, AffectNet, RAF-DB) (1) … | 11 | AI 11 | Faces, people, poses, facial expressions and human actions in images and video. | 2 |
| 36 | [Health data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/health-data.md) | Our World in Data (5), Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (2), US health surveys (NHANES, BRFSS, MEPS) (2), Global Burden of Disease (1) | 10 | Economics 5 · Finance 2 · AI 2 · Management 1 | Population health statistics, disease burden, health surveys and pandemic trackers. | 0 |
| 36 | [Mutual fund and hedge fund data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/mutual-fund-and-hedge-fund-data.md) | Lipper / TASS (8), Morningstar (2) | 10 | Finance 3 · Management 3 · AI 2 · Economics 1 · Operations Research 1 | Returns, holdings, flows and fees of mutual funds, ETFs and hedge funds. | 0 |
| 38 | [Remote sensing benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/remote-sensing-benchmarks.md) | Salinas (3), Scene classification (NWPU-RESISC45, UC Merced, AID) (2), Pavia University / Pavia Centre (1), Houston 2013 / 2018 (1) … | 8 | AI 6 · Management 1 · Operations Research 1 | Hyperspectral and aerial image collections used to compare classification and detection methods. | 1 |
| 38 | [Time-series and traffic benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/time-series-and-traffic-benchmarks.md) | Traffic (PeMS, METR-LA) (5), ETT (electricity transformer temperature) (2), M3 / M4 / M5 competitions (1) | 8 | AI 5 · Economics 2 · Operations Research 1 | Collections used to compare forecasting and time-series classification methods. | 1 |
| 40 | [Asset pricing factor data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/asset-pricing-factor-data.md) | Kenneth French Data Library (5), Hou-Xue-Zhang q-factors (2) | 7 | Finance 6 · Accounting 1 | Published factor returns and anomaly portfolios used as benchmarks. | 0 |
| 40 | [Corporate governance and executive data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/corporate-governance-and-executive-data.md) | BoardEx (3), ExecuComp (2), ISS (Institutional Shareholder Services) (1), Audit Analytics (1) | 7 | Management 4 · Finance 2 · Accounting 1 | Boards, directors, executive pay, shareholder voting, audits and governance ratings. | 0 |
| 40 | [Credit scoring and lending data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/credit-scoring-and-lending-data.md) | LendingClub (3), German Credit (UCI Statlog) (2), Taiwan credit card default (UCI) (1), Credit bureaus (Equifax, Experian, TransUnion) (1) | 7 | Finance 3 · AI 2 · Economics 1 · Management 1 | Loan-level lending data and the public datasets used to train credit-scoring models. | 0 |
| 40 | [Graph learning benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/graph-learning-benchmarks.md) | Cora / CiteSeer / PubMed (Planetoid) (6), Open Graph Benchmark (2) | 7 | AI 6 · Operations Research 1 | Citation, molecule and other graphs used to compare graph neural networks. | 1 |
| 40 | [LLM evaluation benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/llm-evaluation-benchmarks.md) | MT-Bench / Chatbot Arena (4), GSM8K / MATH (2), TruthfulQA / HellaSwag / ARC (1) | 7 | AI 5 · Finance 1 · Management 1 | Benchmarks used to compare large language models on knowledge, reasoning, math and code. | 0 |
| 45 | [Bond, loan and credit data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/bond-loan-and-credit-data.md) | TRACE (4), DealScan (1), Markit CDS (1) | 6 | Finance 2 · Economics 1 · Management 1 · Operations Research 1 · AI 1 | Corporate bond trades and terms, syndicated loans, credit default swaps and credit ratings. | 0 |
| 45 | [Cybersecurity and anomaly detection benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cybersecurity-and-anomaly-detection-benchmarks.md) | UNSW-NB15 (4), NSL-KDD / KDD Cup 99 (2), CIC-IDS2017 / CSE-CIC-IDS2018 (2), Credit card fraud data (Kaggle, PaySim, IEEE-CIS) (1) … | 6 | AI 6 | Network traffic, intrusion, fraud and anomaly records used to compare detection methods. | 0 |
| 45 | [Patents and innovation data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/patents-and-innovation-data.md) | European Patent Office / WIPO (3), PATSTAT (2), USPTO / PatentsView (2) | 6 | Economics 3 · Management 2 · Finance 1 | Patent applications, grants and citations, and research and development records. | 0 |
| 48 | [Bank regulatory data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/bank-regulatory-data.md) | Credit registers (e.g. AnaCredit) (3), Call Reports (1), FR Y-9C (1), BankFocus / BankScope (1) | 5 | Finance 2 · Accounting 2 · Economics 1 | Supervisory filings and balance sheets of banks, deposits by branch and credit registers. | 0 |
| 49 | [Speech and audio benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/speech-and-audio-benchmarks.md) | Speech emotion (IEMOCAP, RAVDESS) (3), LibriSpeech (1) | 4 | AI 3 · Management 1 | Speech, speaker and sound collections. | 0 |
| 50 | [Analyst forecasts](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/analyst-forecasts.md) | I/B/E/S (2), Zacks (2) | 3 | Finance 2 · Economics 1 | Sell-side analysts' earnings forecasts, recommendations and price targets. | 0 |
| 50 | [Cryptocurrency data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cryptocurrency-data.md) | CoinGecko (2), CoinMarketCap (1) | 3 | Finance 3 | Prices, trading volumes and on-chain records of cryptocurrencies. | 0 |
| 50 | [M&A, IPO and private capital data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/m-a-ipo-and-private-capital-data.md) | Crunchbase (3) | 3 | Management 2 · Finance 1 | Deal-level data on mergers and acquisitions, equity and bond issues, venture capital and private equity. | 0 |
| 50 | [Reinforcement learning environments](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/reinforcement-learning-environments.md) | D4RL (2), MuJoCo (1), SUMO traffic simulator (1) | 3 | AI 3 | Simulators and benchmark suites for training and comparing reinforcement learning agents. | 1 |
| 54 | [Education data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/education-data.md) | TIMSS / PIRLS (2) | 2 | Finance 1 · Economics 1 | Student assessments and school and college records. | 0 |
| 54 | [Financial NLP datasets](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/financial-nlp-datasets.md) | Financial PhraseBank (1), FinQA / ConvFinQA / TAT-QA (1) | 2 | Operations Research 1 · AI 1 | Labelled financial texts used to train and test language models on finance. | 1 |
| 54 | [Industrial fault and prognostics benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/industrial-fault-and-prognostics-benchmarks.md) | Tennessee Eastman process (2), CWRU bearing data (1) | 2 | AI 2 | Bearing, engine, battery and process data used to compare fault-diagnosis and remaining-life models. | 0 |
| 54 | [Ownership and insider trading](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/ownership-and-insider-trading.md) | Thomson Reuters 13F holdings (2) | 2 | Finance 1 · Operations Research 1 | Holdings of institutional investors (13F filings) and trades by corporate insiders. | 0 |
| 58 | [Real estate and housing data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/real-estate-and-housing-data.md) | S&P CoreLogic Case-Shiller (1) | 1 | Accounting 1 | House prices and transactions, mortgages and rents. | 0 |

## By dataset

*Single datasets · 2026-09-27 – 2026-10-26 (30 days)*

| # | Dataset | Data category | Papers | By journal category | Last 7 days |
|---:|---|---|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [OR-Library](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/optimization-benchmark-instances.md#or-library) | [Optimization benchmark instances](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/optimization-benchmark-instances.md) | 109 | AI 38 · Operations Research 22 · Management 18 · Economics 17 · Finance 14 | 17 |
| 2 | [S&P 500](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/stock-market-indices.md#s-p-500) | [Stock market indices](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/stock-market-indices.md) | 34 | Finance 21 · Management 4 · Operations Research 4 · Economics 3 · Accounting 1 · AI 1 | 5 |
| 3 | [Economic Policy Uncertainty index](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/uncertainty-and-sentiment-indices.md#economic-policy-uncertainty-index) | [Uncertainty and sentiment indices](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/uncertainty-and-sentiment-indices.md) | 31 | Finance 16 · Economics 8 · Management 6 · Accounting 1 | 2 |
| 3 | [ImageNet](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/image-classification-benchmarks.md#imagenet) | [Image classification benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/image-classification-benchmarks.md) | 31 | AI 29 · Finance 1 · Management 1 | 5 |
| 5 | [World Development Indicators (World Bank)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/macroeconomic-and-development-indicators.md#world-development-indicators-world-bank) | [Macroeconomic and development indicators](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/macroeconomic-and-development-indicators.md) | 30 | Economics 14 · Finance 10 · Management 5 · Accounting 1 | 3 |
| 6 | [CIFAR-10 / CIFAR-100](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/image-classification-benchmarks.md#cifar-10-cifar-100) | [Image classification benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/image-classification-benchmarks.md) | 29 | AI 29 | 1 |
| 6 | [Twitter / X](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/social-media-data.md#twitter-x) | [Social media data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/social-media-data.md) | 29 | Finance 9 · Management 9 · AI 7 · Operations Research 2 · Accounting 1 · Economics 1 | 1 |
| 8 | [Facebook](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/social-media-data.md#facebook) | [Social media data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/social-media-data.md) | 27 | Management 14 · AI 5 · Finance 4 · Economics 2 · Operations Research 2 | 3 |
| 9 | [International Energy Agency (IEA)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/energy-and-emissions-data.md#international-energy-agency-iea) | [Energy and emissions data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/energy-and-emissions-data.md) | 26 | Economics 17 · Finance 6 · Operations Research 3 | 1 |
| 10 | [Eurostat](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/macroeconomic-and-development-indicators.md#eurostat) | [Macroeconomic and development indicators](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/macroeconomic-and-development-indicators.md) | 23 | Economics 15 · Finance 3 · Management 3 · Operations Research 2 | 3 |
| 11 | [MNIST / Fashion-MNIST](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/image-classification-benchmarks.md#mnist-fashion-mnist) | [Image classification benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/image-classification-benchmarks.md) | 22 | AI 22 | 1 |
| 12 | [CSMAR](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-financial-and-firm-databases.md#csmar) | [China financial and firm databases](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-financial-and-firm-databases.md) | 19 | Finance 15 · Management 3 · Economics 1 | 1 |
| 13 | [VIX](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/options-and-volatility-data.md#vix) | [Options and volatility data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/options-and-volatility-data.md) | 18 | Finance 13 · Economics 4 · AI 1 | 1 |
| 14 | [YouTube / TikTok](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/social-media-data.md#youtube-tiktok) | [Social media data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/social-media-data.md) | 17 | Management 9 · Economics 3 · Operations Research 3 · AI 2 | 1 |
| 15 | [Climate Policy Uncertainty index](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/uncertainty-and-sentiment-indices.md#climate-policy-uncertainty-index) | [Uncertainty and sentiment indices](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/uncertainty-and-sentiment-indices.md) | 15 | Finance 9 · Economics 5 · Management 1 | 1 |
| 15 | [Worldwide Governance Indicators](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/governance-and-institutional-indicators.md#worldwide-governance-indicators) | [Governance and institutional indicators](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/governance-and-institutional-indicators.md) | 15 | Economics 7 · Finance 4 · Management 3 · Accounting 1 | 0 |
| 17 | [WITS / TRAINS tariff data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/international-trade-and-input-output-data.md#wits-trains-tariff-data) | [International trade and input-output data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/international-trade-and-input-output-data.md) | 14 | Economics 9 · Management 4 · Finance 1 | 3 |
| 18 | [LinkedIn](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/job-postings-and-occupation-data.md#linkedin) | [Job postings and occupation data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/job-postings-and-occupation-data.md) | 13 | Management 9 · Finance 2 · Economics 1 · Operations Research 1 | 1 |
| 18 | [Marketization index (Fan Gang)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-statistical-yearbooks-and-regional-indices.md#marketization-index-fan-gang) | [China statistical yearbooks and regional indices](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-statistical-yearbooks-and-regional-indices.md) | 13 | Finance 7 · Economics 3 · Management 2 · AI 1 | 0 |
| 20 | [CRSP](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/us-stock-market-data.md#crsp) | [US stock market data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/us-stock-market-data.md) | 12 | Finance 9 · Economics 1 · Management 1 · Operations Research 1 | 3 |
| 21 | [China Household Finance Survey (CHFS)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-household-and-social-surveys.md#china-household-finance-survey-chfs) | [China household and social surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-household-and-social-surveys.md) | 11 | Finance 8 · Economics 2 · AI 1 | 2 |
| 21 | [Compustat](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/company-financial-statements.md#compustat) | [Company financial statements](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/company-financial-statements.md) | 11 | Finance 7 · Management 3 · Accounting 1 | 0 |
| 21 | [Geopolitical Risk index](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/uncertainty-and-sentiment-indices.md#geopolitical-risk-index) | [Uncertainty and sentiment indices](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/uncertainty-and-sentiment-indices.md) | 11 | Finance 8 · Economics 3 | 0 |
| 21 | [Google Trends](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/search-news-and-web-data.md#google-trends) | [Search, news and web data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/search-news-and-web-data.md) | 11 | Finance 5 · Economics 4 · Management 2 | 3 |
| 21 | [MS COCO](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/object-detection-and-segmentation-benchmarks.md#ms-coco) | [Object detection and segmentation benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/object-detection-and-segmentation-benchmarks.md) | 11 | AI 11 | 2 |
| 26 | [Loughran-McDonald dictionary](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/corporate-filings-and-text.md#loughran-mcdonald-dictionary) | [Corporate filings and text](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/corporate-filings-and-text.md) | 10 | Finance 10 | 0 |
| 26 | [UCI Machine Learning Repository](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/public-machine-learning-repositories.md#uci-machine-learning-repository) | [Public machine learning repositories](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/public-machine-learning-repositories.md) | 10 | AI 7 · Operations Research 2 · Finance 1 | 2 |
| 28 | [China Family Panel Studies (CFPS)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-household-and-social-surveys.md#china-family-panel-studies-cfps) | [China household and social surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-household-and-social-surveys.md) | 9 | Economics 6 · Finance 3 | 1 |
| 28 | [Earnings call transcripts](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/corporate-filings-and-text.md#earnings-call-transcripts) | [Corporate filings and text](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/corporate-filings-and-text.md) | 9 | Finance 6 · Accounting 1 · Management 1 · Operations Research 1 | 0 |
| 28 | [Kaggle](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/public-machine-learning-repositories.md#kaggle) | [Public machine learning repositories](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/public-machine-learning-repositories.md) | 9 | AI 6 · Management 2 · Finance 1 | 0 |
| 28 | [Wikipedia](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/search-news-and-web-data.md#wikipedia) | [Search, news and web data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/search-news-and-web-data.md) | 9 | AI 6 · Finance 2 · Operations Research 1 | 0 |
| 28 | [World Bank Enterprise Surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/firm-surveys-and-census-data.md#world-bank-enterprise-surveys) | [Firm surveys and census data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/firm-surveys-and-census-data.md) | 9 | Economics 4 · Management 4 · Finance 1 | 4 |
| 28 | [WTI crude oil](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/commodity-prices.md#wti-crude-oil) | [Commodity prices](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/commodity-prices.md) | 9 | Finance 4 · Economics 3 · Management 1 · AI 1 | 2 |
| 34 | [Amazon reviews](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/online-reviews-e-commerce-and-recommender-data.md#amazon-reviews) | [Online reviews, e-commerce and recommender data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/online-reviews-e-commerce-and-recommender-data.md) | 8 | AI 7 · Management 1 | 0 |
| 34 | [Brent crude oil](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/commodity-prices.md#brent-crude-oil) | [Commodity prices](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/commodity-prices.md) | 8 | Finance 4 · Economics 3 · AI 1 | 0 |
| 34 | [CNRDS](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-financial-and-firm-databases.md#cnrds) | [China financial and firm databases](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-financial-and-firm-databases.md) | 8 | Finance 6 · Management 2 | 1 |
| 34 | [CSI 300 / Shanghai Composite](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/stock-market-indices.md#csi-300-shanghai-composite) | [Stock market indices](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/stock-market-indices.md) | 8 | Finance 4 · Economics 2 · Management 1 · AI 1 | 0 |
| 34 | [Hugging Face Hub](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/public-machine-learning-repositories.md#hugging-face-hub) | [Public machine learning repositories](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/public-machine-learning-repositories.md) | 8 | AI 6 · Finance 1 · Management 1 | 2 |
| 34 | [Lipper / TASS](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/mutual-fund-and-hedge-fund-data.md#lipper-tass) | [Mutual fund and hedge fund data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/mutual-fund-and-hedge-fund-data.md) | 8 | Management 3 · AI 2 · Finance 1 · Economics 1 · Operations Research 1 | 0 |
| 34 | [nuScenes / Waymo Open / Argoverse](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/object-detection-and-segmentation-benchmarks.md#nuscenes-waymo-open-argoverse) | [Object detection and segmentation benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/object-detection-and-segmentation-benchmarks.md) | 8 | AI 6 · Operations Research 2 | 2 |
| 41 | [IMF data (IFS, WEO, DOTS)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/macroeconomic-and-development-indicators.md#imf-data-ifs-weo-dots) | [Macroeconomic and development indicators](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/macroeconomic-and-development-indicators.md) | 7 | Finance 4 · Economics 2 · Management 1 | 1 |
| 41 | [MIMIC](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/medical-and-clinical-datasets.md#mimic) | [Medical and clinical datasets](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/medical-and-clinical-datasets.md) | 7 | AI 7 | 0 |
| 41 | [Penn World Table](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/macroeconomic-and-development-indicators.md#penn-world-table) | [Macroeconomic and development indicators](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/macroeconomic-and-development-indicators.md) | 7 | Economics 6 · Finance 1 | 0 |
| 41 | [Refinitiv Datastream](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/financial-data-platforms.md#refinitiv-datastream) | [Financial data platforms](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/financial-data-platforms.md) | 7 | Finance 4 · Accounting 1 · Economics 1 · Management 1 | 1 |
| 45 | [Baker-Wurgler investor sentiment](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/uncertainty-and-sentiment-indices.md#baker-wurgler-investor-sentiment) | [Uncertainty and sentiment indices](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/uncertainty-and-sentiment-indices.md) | 6 | Finance 5 · Operations Research 1 | 2 |
| 45 | [Cora / CiteSeer / PubMed (Planetoid)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/graph-learning-benchmarks.md#cora-citeseer-pubmed-planetoid) | [Graph learning benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/graph-learning-benchmarks.md) | 6 | AI 5 · Operations Research 1 | 1 |
| 45 | [Euro Stoxx / DAX](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/stock-market-indices.md#euro-stoxx-dax) | [Stock market indices](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/stock-market-indices.md) | 6 | Finance 2 · Economics 2 · Operations Research 2 | 0 |
| 45 | [Gallup World Poll](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cross-country-social-and-attitude-surveys.md#gallup-world-poll) | [Cross-country social and attitude surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cross-country-social-and-attitude-surveys.md) | 6 | Economics 2 · Management 2 · Operations Research 1 · AI 1 | 0 |
| 45 | [Global Findex](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cross-country-social-and-attitude-surveys.md#global-findex) | [Cross-country social and attitude surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cross-country-social-and-attitude-surveys.md) | 6 | Management 3 · Finance 2 · Economics 1 | 0 |
| 45 | [IMDb](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/text-and-nlp-benchmarks.md#imdb) | [Text and NLP benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/text-and-nlp-benchmarks.md) | 6 | AI 5 · Management 1 | 1 |
| 45 | [Trade Policy Uncertainty index](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/uncertainty-and-sentiment-indices.md#trade-policy-uncertainty-index) | [Uncertainty and sentiment indices](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/uncertainty-and-sentiment-indices.md) | 6 | Finance 4 · Economics 2 | 0 |
| 45 | [Wind](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-financial-and-firm-databases.md#wind) | [China financial and firm databases](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-financial-and-firm-databases.md) | 6 | Finance 4 · Management 1 · AI 1 | 1 |
| 45 | [World Input-Output Database (WIOD)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/international-trade-and-input-output-data.md#world-input-output-database-wiod) | [International trade and input-output data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/international-trade-and-input-output-data.md) | 6 | Economics 3 · Finance 2 · Operations Research 1 | 0 |
| 45 | [World Values Survey](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cross-country-social-and-attitude-surveys.md#world-values-survey) | [Cross-country social and attitude surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cross-country-social-and-attitude-surveys.md) | 6 | Economics 5 · Operations Research 1 | 0 |
| 55 | [10-K filings](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/corporate-filings-and-text.md#10-k-filings) | [Corporate filings and text](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/corporate-filings-and-text.md) | 5 | Finance 2 · Management 2 · AI 1 | 0 |
| 55 | [Action recognition (Kinetics, UCF101, HMDB51)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/face-person-and-video-benchmarks.md#action-recognition-kinetics-ucf101-hmdb51) | [Face, person and video benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/face-person-and-video-benchmarks.md) | 5 | AI 5 | 0 |
| 55 | [Airbnb](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/online-reviews-e-commerce-and-recommender-data.md#airbnb) | [Online reviews, e-commerce and recommender data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/online-reviews-e-commerce-and-recommender-data.md) | 5 | Management 4 · Economics 1 | 0 |
| 55 | [Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/developing-country-household-surveys.md#demographic-and-health-surveys-dhs) | [Developing-country household surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/developing-country-household-surveys.md) | 5 | Economics 5 | 1 |
| 55 | [ERA5 reanalysis](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/weather-climate-and-disaster-data.md#era5-reanalysis) | [Weather, climate and disaster data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/weather-climate-and-disaster-data.md) | 5 | AI 2 · Finance 1 · Economics 1 · Operations Research 1 | 0 |
| 55 | [Fine-grained benchmarks (CUB-200, Stanford Cars, Oxford Flowers)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/image-classification-benchmarks.md#fine-grained-benchmarks-cub-200-stanford-cars-oxford-flowers) | [Image classification benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/image-classification-benchmarks.md) | 5 | AI 5 | 1 |
| 55 | [FRED](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/us-macroeconomic-data.md#fred) | [US macroeconomic data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/us-macroeconomic-data.md) | 5 | Finance 2 · Economics 2 · Management 1 | 3 |
| 55 | [GDELT](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/search-news-and-web-data.md#gdelt) | [Search, news and web data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/search-news-and-web-data.md) | 5 | AI 3 · Finance 2 | 0 |
| 55 | [Health and Retirement Study](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/us-household-and-labour-surveys.md#health-and-retirement-study) | [US household and labour surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/us-household-and-labour-surveys.md) | 5 | Economics 4 · Management 1 | 1 |
| 55 | [Kenneth French Data Library](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/asset-pricing-factor-data.md#kenneth-french-data-library) | [Asset pricing factor data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/asset-pricing-factor-data.md) | 5 | Finance 5 | 0 |
| 55 | [KITTI](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/object-detection-and-segmentation-benchmarks.md#kitti) | [Object detection and segmentation benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/object-detection-and-segmentation-benchmarks.md) | 5 | AI 5 | 0 |
| 55 | [Labour Force Surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/european-and-other-national-household-panels.md#labour-force-surveys) | [European and other national household panels](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/european-and-other-national-household-panels.md) | 5 | Economics 5 | 1 |
| 55 | [Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/developing-country-household-surveys.md#living-standards-measurement-study-lsms) | [Developing-country household surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/developing-country-household-surveys.md) | 5 | Economics 3 · Finance 1 · AI 1 | 0 |
| 55 | [MSCI indices](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/stock-market-indices.md#msci-indices) | [Stock market indices](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/stock-market-indices.md) | 5 | Finance 2 · Economics 2 · Management 1 | 0 |
| 55 | [Night-time lights (VIIRS, DMSP)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/satellite-and-geospatial-data.md#night-time-lights-viirs-dmsp) | [Satellite and geospatial data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/satellite-and-geospatial-data.md) | 5 | Economics 4 · Finance 1 | 1 |
| 55 | [NOAA](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/weather-climate-and-disaster-data.md#noaa) | [Weather, climate and disaster data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/weather-climate-and-disaster-data.md) | 5 | Economics 4 · Management 1 | 1 |
| 55 | [OECD statistics](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/macroeconomic-and-development-indicators.md#oecd-statistics) | [Macroeconomic and development indicators](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/macroeconomic-and-development-indicators.md) | 5 | Economics 4 · Management 1 | 0 |
| 55 | [OECD TiVA / ICIO](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/international-trade-and-input-output-data.md#oecd-tiva-icio) | [International trade and input-output data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/international-trade-and-input-output-data.md) | 5 | Economics 4 · Finance 1 | 0 |
| 55 | [Our World in Data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/health-data.md#our-world-in-data) | [Health data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/health-data.md) | 5 | Economics 3 · Finance 1 · Management 1 | 0 |
| 55 | [PhysioNet / MIT-BIH](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/medical-and-clinical-datasets.md#physionet-mit-bih) | [Medical and clinical datasets](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/medical-and-clinical-datasets.md) | 5 | AI 5 | 0 |
| 55 | [SVHN](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/image-classification-benchmarks.md#svhn) | [Image classification benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/image-classification-benchmarks.md) | 5 | AI 5 | 0 |
| 55 | [Taobao / Tmall / JD.com](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/online-reviews-e-commerce-and-recommender-data.md#taobao-tmall-jd-com) | [Online reviews, e-commerce and recommender data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/online-reviews-e-commerce-and-recommender-data.md) | 5 | AI 4 · Management 1 | 0 |
| 55 | [Traffic (PeMS, METR-LA)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/time-series-and-traffic-benchmarks.md#traffic-pems-metr-la) | [Time-series and traffic benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/time-series-and-traffic-benchmarks.md) | 5 | AI 3 · Economics 1 · Operations Research 1 | 1 |
| 55 | [University of Michigan Surveys of Consumers](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/us-macroeconomic-data.md#university-of-michigan-surveys-of-consumers) | [US macroeconomic data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/us-macroeconomic-data.md) | 5 | Economics 3 · Finance 1 · Management 1 | 0 |
| 55 | [V-Dem](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/governance-and-institutional-indicators.md#v-dem) | [Governance and institutional indicators](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/governance-and-institutional-indicators.md) | 5 | Economics 3 · Finance 2 | 1 |
| 80 | [Bloomberg](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/financial-data-platforms.md#bloomberg) | [Financial data platforms](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/financial-data-platforms.md) | 4 | Finance 2 · Accounting 1 · Management 1 | 1 |
| 80 | [Bureau of Economic Analysis](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/us-macroeconomic-data.md#bureau-of-economic-analysis) | [US macroeconomic data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/us-macroeconomic-data.md) | 4 | Economics 3 · Finance 1 | 0 |
| 80 | [Caltech-101 / 256](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/image-classification-benchmarks.md#caltech-101-256) | [Image classification benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/image-classification-benchmarks.md) | 4 | AI 4 | 0 |
| 80 | [CEC benchmark functions](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/optimization-benchmark-instances.md#cec-benchmark-functions) | [Optimization benchmark instances](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/optimization-benchmark-instances.md) | 4 | AI 3 · Operations Research 1 | 1 |
| 80 | [China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-household-and-social-surveys.md#china-health-and-nutrition-survey-chns) | [China household and social surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-household-and-social-surveys.md) | 4 | Economics 2 · Finance 1 · Operations Research 1 | 1 |
| 80 | [Domain adaptation benchmarks (Office-31, Office-Home, VisDA, DomainNet)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/image-classification-benchmarks.md#domain-adaptation-benchmarks-office-31-office-home-visda-domainnet) | [Image classification benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/image-classification-benchmarks.md) | 4 | AI 4 | 1 |
| 80 | [Global Carbon Project](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/energy-and-emissions-data.md#global-carbon-project) | [Energy and emissions data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/energy-and-emissions-data.md) | 4 | Finance 2 · Economics 2 | 0 |
| 80 | [GLUE / SuperGLUE](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/text-and-nlp-benchmarks.md#glue-superglue) | [Text and NLP benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/text-and-nlp-benchmarks.md) | 4 | AI 2 · Finance 1 · Management 1 | 1 |
| 80 | [MT-Bench / Chatbot Arena](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/llm-evaluation-benchmarks.md#mt-bench-chatbot-arena) | [LLM evaluation benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/llm-evaluation-benchmarks.md) | 4 | AI 3 · Management 1 | 0 |
| 80 | [PASCAL VOC](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/object-detection-and-segmentation-benchmarks.md#pascal-voc) | [Object detection and segmentation benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/object-detection-and-segmentation-benchmarks.md) | 4 | AI 4 | 0 |
| 80 | [Reddit](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/social-media-data.md#reddit) | [Social media data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/social-media-data.md) | 4 | AI 3 · Management 1 | 1 |
| 80 | [Retrieval and QA (MS MARCO, Natural Questions, HotpotQA)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/text-and-nlp-benchmarks.md#retrieval-and-qa-ms-marco-natural-questions-hotpotqa) | [Text and NLP benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/text-and-nlp-benchmarks.md) | 4 | AI 4 | 0 |
| 80 | [SHARE](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/european-and-other-national-household-panels.md#share) | [European and other national household panels](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/european-and-other-national-household-panels.md) | 4 | Economics 4 | 1 |
| 80 | [TRACE](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/bond-loan-and-credit-data.md#trace) | [Bond, loan and credit data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/bond-loan-and-credit-data.md) | 4 | Finance 1 · Management 1 · Operations Research 1 · AI 1 | 0 |
| 80 | [UNSW-NB15](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cybersecurity-and-anomaly-detection-benchmarks.md#unsw-nb15) | [Cybersecurity and anomaly detection benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cybersecurity-and-anomaly-detection-benchmarks.md) | 4 | AI 4 | 0 |
| 80 | [WRDS](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/financial-data-platforms.md#wrds) | [Financial data platforms](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/financial-data-platforms.md) | 4 | Finance 2 · Economics 1 · AI 1 | 1 |
| 80 | [Yahoo Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/financial-data-platforms.md#yahoo-finance) | [Financial data platforms](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/financial-data-platforms.md) | 4 | Finance 2 · Management 1 · Operations Research 1 | 0 |
| 97 | [ADE20K](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/object-detection-and-segmentation-benchmarks.md#ade20k) | [Object detection and segmentation benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/object-detection-and-segmentation-benchmarks.md) | 3 | AI 3 | 0 |
| 97 | [ADNI](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/medical-and-clinical-datasets.md#adni) | [Medical and clinical datasets](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/medical-and-clinical-datasets.md) | 3 | AI 3 | 0 |
| 97 | [BoardEx](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/corporate-governance-and-executive-data.md#boardex) | [Corporate governance and executive data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/corporate-governance-and-executive-data.md) | 3 | Management 2 · Finance 1 | 0 |
| 97 | [BraTS](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/medical-and-clinical-datasets.md#brats) | [Medical and clinical datasets](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/medical-and-clinical-datasets.md) | 3 | AI 3 | 0 |
| 97 | [CDP (Carbon Disclosure Project)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/esg-and-sustainability-ratings.md#cdp-carbon-disclosure-project) | [ESG and sustainability ratings](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/esg-and-sustainability-ratings.md) | 3 | Management 2 · Finance 1 | 0 |
| 97 | [CHARLS](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-household-and-social-surveys.md#charls) | [China household and social surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-household-and-social-surveys.md) | 3 | Economics 3 | 0 |
| 97 | [China Statistical Yearbook](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-statistical-yearbooks-and-regional-indices.md#china-statistical-yearbook) | [China statistical yearbooks and regional indices](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-statistical-yearbooks-and-regional-indices.md) | 3 | Economics 2 · Finance 1 | 0 |
| 97 | [Cityscapes](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/object-detection-and-segmentation-benchmarks.md#cityscapes) | [Object detection and segmentation benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/object-detection-and-segmentation-benchmarks.md) | 3 | AI 3 | 0 |
| 97 | [CMIP climate projections](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/weather-climate-and-disaster-data.md#cmip-climate-projections) | [Weather, climate and disaster data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/weather-climate-and-disaster-data.md) | 3 | AI 2 · Economics 1 | 0 |
| 97 | [Credit registers (e.g. AnaCredit)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/bank-regulatory-data.md#credit-registers-e-g-anacredit) | [Bank regulatory data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/bank-regulatory-data.md) | 3 | Finance 1 · Accounting 1 · Economics 1 | 0 |
| 97 | [Crunchbase](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/m-a-ipo-and-private-capital-data.md#crunchbase) | [M&A, IPO and private capital data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/m-a-ipo-and-private-capital-data.md) | 3 | Management 2 · Finance 1 | 0 |
| 97 | [Current Population Survey](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/us-household-and-labour-surveys.md#current-population-survey) | [US household and labour surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/us-household-and-labour-surveys.md) | 3 | Economics 3 | 0 |
| 97 | [Dow Jones Industrial Average](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/stock-market-indices.md#dow-jones-industrial-average) | [Stock market indices](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/stock-market-indices.md) | 3 | Finance 1 · Management 1 · AI 1 | 0 |
| 97 | [Economic freedom indices](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/governance-and-institutional-indicators.md#economic-freedom-indices) | [Governance and institutional indicators](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/governance-and-institutional-indicators.md) | 3 | Management 3 | 0 |
| 97 | [ENTSO-E / Nord Pool electricity data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/energy-and-emissions-data.md#entso-e-nord-pool-electricity-data) | [Energy and emissions data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/energy-and-emissions-data.md) | 3 | Economics 2 · Finance 1 | 0 |
| 97 | [Eurobarometer](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cross-country-social-and-attitude-surveys.md#eurobarometer) | [Cross-country social and attitude surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cross-country-social-and-attitude-surveys.md) | 3 | Economics 2 · Management 1 | 0 |
| 97 | [European Patent Office / WIPO](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/patents-and-innovation-data.md#european-patent-office-wipo) | [Patents and innovation data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/patents-and-innovation-data.md) | 3 | Economics 3 | 0 |
| 97 | [German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/european-and-other-national-household-panels.md#german-socio-economic-panel-soep) | [European and other national household panels](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/european-and-other-national-household-panels.md) | 3 | Economics 2 · Finance 1 | 0 |
| 97 | [Huazheng / Sino-Securities ESG](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/esg-and-sustainability-ratings.md#huazheng-sino-securities-esg) | [ESG and sustainability ratings](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/esg-and-sustainability-ratings.md) | 3 | Finance 2 · Management 1 | 0 |
| 97 | [International Country Risk Guide (ICRG)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/governance-and-institutional-indicators.md#international-country-risk-guide-icrg) | [Governance and institutional indicators](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/governance-and-institutional-indicators.md) | 3 | Finance 2 · Economics 1 | 0 |
| 97 | [Investing.com](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/financial-data-platforms.md#investing-com) | [Financial data platforms](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/financial-data-platforms.md) | 3 | Finance 1 · Economics 1 · Management 1 | 0 |
| 97 | [LendingClub](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/credit-scoring-and-lending-data.md#lendingclub) | [Credit scoring and lending data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/credit-scoring-and-lending-data.md) | 3 | Finance 2 · Management 1 | 0 |
| 97 | [Location and social recommendation data (Gowalla, Foursquare, Yelp, Epinions)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/online-reviews-e-commerce-and-recommender-data.md#location-and-social-recommendation-data-gowalla-foursquare-yelp-epinions) | [Online reviews, e-commerce and recommender data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/online-reviews-e-commerce-and-recommender-data.md) | 3 | AI 3 | 0 |
| 97 | [MovieLens](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/online-reviews-e-commerce-and-recommender-data.md#movielens) | [Online reviews, e-commerce and recommender data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/online-reviews-e-commerce-and-recommender-data.md) | 3 | AI 3 | 0 |
| 97 | [MSCI ESG / KLD](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/esg-and-sustainability-ratings.md#msci-esg-kld) | [ESG and sustainability ratings](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/esg-and-sustainability-ratings.md) | 3 | Management 2 · Accounting 1 | 0 |
| 97 | [National Bureau of Statistics of China](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-statistical-yearbooks-and-regional-indices.md#national-bureau-of-statistics-of-china) | [China statistical yearbooks and regional indices](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-statistical-yearbooks-and-regional-indices.md) | 3 | Economics 2 · Finance 1 | 0 |
| 97 | [Natural language inference (SNLI, MultiNLI)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/text-and-nlp-benchmarks.md#natural-language-inference-snli-multinli) | [Text and NLP benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/text-and-nlp-benchmarks.md) | 3 | Finance 1 · Management 1 · AI 1 | 1 |
| 97 | [OpenStreetMap](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/satellite-and-geospatial-data.md#openstreetmap) | [Satellite and geospatial data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/satellite-and-geospatial-data.md) | 3 | Operations Research 2 · Economics 1 | 2 |
| 97 | [Orbis (Bureau van Dijk)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/company-financial-statements.md#orbis-bureau-van-dijk) | [Company financial statements](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/company-financial-statements.md) | 3 | Management 2 · Economics 1 | 1 |
| 97 | [OVX (crude oil volatility index)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/options-and-volatility-data.md#ovx-crude-oil-volatility-index) | [Options and volatility data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/options-and-volatility-data.md) | 3 | Finance 3 | 0 |
| 97 | [Person re-identification (Market-1501, DukeMTMC, MSMT17)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/face-person-and-video-benchmarks.md#person-re-identification-market-1501-dukemtmc-msmt17) | [Face, person and video benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/face-person-and-video-benchmarks.md) | 3 | AI 3 | 1 |
| 97 | [Refinitiv Eikon / LSEG Workspace](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/financial-data-platforms.md#refinitiv-eikon-lseg-workspace) | [Financial data platforms](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/financial-data-platforms.md) | 3 | Finance 3 | 0 |
| 97 | [Refinitiv ESG (ASSET4)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/esg-and-sustainability-ratings.md#refinitiv-esg-asset4) | [ESG and sustainability ratings](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/esg-and-sustainability-ratings.md) | 3 | Operations Research 2 · Management 1 | 0 |
| 97 | [Salinas](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/remote-sensing-benchmarks.md#salinas) | [Remote sensing benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/remote-sensing-benchmarks.md) | 3 | Management 1 · Operations Research 1 · AI 1 | 0 |
| 97 | [Sentinel / Copernicus](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/satellite-and-geospatial-data.md#sentinel-copernicus) | [Satellite and geospatial data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/satellite-and-geospatial-data.md) | 3 | AI 2 · Economics 1 | 1 |
| 97 | [Speech emotion (IEMOCAP, RAVDESS)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/speech-and-audio-benchmarks.md#speech-emotion-iemocap-ravdess) | [Speech and audio benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/speech-and-audio-benchmarks.md) | 3 | AI 2 · Management 1 | 0 |
| 97 | [StockTwits](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/social-media-data.md#stocktwits) | [Social media data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/social-media-data.md) | 3 | Finance 3 | 0 |
| 97 | [TCGA](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/medical-and-clinical-datasets.md#tcga) | [Medical and clinical datasets](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/medical-and-clinical-datasets.md) | 3 | AI 3 | 0 |
| 97 | [TripAdvisor](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/online-reviews-e-commerce-and-recommender-data.md#tripadvisor) | [Online reviews, e-commerce and recommender data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/online-reviews-e-commerce-and-recommender-data.md) | 3 | Management 2 · Economics 1 | 0 |
| 97 | [Weibo](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/social-media-data.md#weibo) | [Social media data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/social-media-data.md) | 3 | AI 3 | 0 |
| 97 | [World Uncertainty Index](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/uncertainty-and-sentiment-indices.md#world-uncertainty-index) | [Uncertainty and sentiment indices](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/uncertainty-and-sentiment-indices.md) | 3 | Finance 3 | 0 |
| 97 | [Yelp](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/online-reviews-e-commerce-and-recommender-data.md#yelp) | [Online reviews, e-commerce and recommender data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/online-reviews-e-commerce-and-recommender-data.md) | 3 | AI 2 · Management 1 | 0 |
| 139 | [Bloomberg ESG](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/esg-and-sustainability-ratings.md#bloomberg-esg) | [ESG and sustainability ratings](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/esg-and-sustainability-ratings.md) | 2 | Finance 2 | 0 |
| 139 | [Bureau of Labor Statistics](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/us-macroeconomic-data.md#bureau-of-labor-statistics) | [US macroeconomic data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/us-macroeconomic-data.md) | 2 | Economics 1 · Management 1 | 0 |
| 139 | [China City Statistical Yearbook](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-statistical-yearbooks-and-regional-indices.md#china-city-statistical-yearbook) | [China statistical yearbooks and regional indices](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-statistical-yearbooks-and-regional-indices.md) | 2 | Finance 1 · Management 1 | 0 |
| 139 | [Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-household-and-social-surveys.md#chinese-general-social-survey-cgss) | [China household and social surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-household-and-social-surveys.md) | 2 | Economics 2 | 1 |
| 139 | [CIC-IDS2017 / CSE-CIC-IDS2018](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cybersecurity-and-anomaly-detection-benchmarks.md#cic-ids2017-cse-cic-ids2018) | [Cybersecurity and anomaly detection benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cybersecurity-and-anomaly-detection-benchmarks.md) | 2 | AI 2 | 0 |
| 139 | [CoinGecko](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cryptocurrency-data.md#coingecko) | [Cryptocurrency data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cryptocurrency-data.md) | 2 | Finance 2 | 0 |
| 139 | [CoNLL](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/text-and-nlp-benchmarks.md#conll) | [Text and NLP benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/text-and-nlp-benchmarks.md) | 2 | AI 2 | 0 |
| 139 | [Consumer Expenditure Survey](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/us-household-and-labour-surveys.md#consumer-expenditure-survey) | [US household and labour surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/us-household-and-labour-surveys.md) | 2 | Economics 1 · Management 1 | 0 |
| 139 | [Corruption Perceptions Index](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/governance-and-institutional-indicators.md#corruption-perceptions-index) | [Governance and institutional indicators](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/governance-and-institutional-indicators.md) | 2 | Economics 1 · Management 1 | 0 |
| 139 | [D4RL](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/reinforcement-learning-environments.md#d4rl) | [Reinforcement learning environments](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/reinforcement-learning-environments.md) | 2 | AI 2 | 0 |
| 139 | [EDGAR emissions database](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/energy-and-emissions-data.md#edgar-emissions-database) | [Energy and emissions data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/energy-and-emissions-data.md) | 2 | Economics 2 | 0 |
| 139 | [Eora](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/international-trade-and-input-output-data.md#eora) | [International trade and input-output data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/international-trade-and-input-output-data.md) | 2 | Finance 1 · Economics 1 | 0 |
| 139 | [ETT (electricity transformer temperature)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/time-series-and-traffic-benchmarks.md#ett-electricity-transformer-temperature) | [Time-series and traffic benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/time-series-and-traffic-benchmarks.md) | 2 | AI 2 | 0 |
| 139 | [EU-SILC](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/european-and-other-national-household-panels.md#eu-silc) | [European and other national household panels](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/european-and-other-national-household-panels.md) | 2 | Economics 2 | 1 |
| 139 | [European Social Survey](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cross-country-social-and-attitude-surveys.md#european-social-survey) | [Cross-country social and attitude surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cross-country-social-and-attitude-surveys.md) | 2 | Economics 1 · Management 1 | 0 |
| 139 | [ExecuComp](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/corporate-governance-and-executive-data.md#execucomp) | [Corporate governance and executive data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/corporate-governance-and-executive-data.md) | 2 | Finance 1 · Management 1 | 0 |
| 139 | [FactSet](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/financial-data-platforms.md#factset) | [Financial data platforms](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/financial-data-platforms.md) | 2 | Finance 2 | 0 |
| 139 | [FEMA disaster data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/weather-climate-and-disaster-data.md#fema-disaster-data) | [Weather, climate and disaster data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/weather-climate-and-disaster-data.md) | 2 | Operations Research 1 · AI 1 | 0 |
| 139 | [German Credit (UCI Statlog)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/credit-scoring-and-lending-data.md#german-credit-uci-statlog) | [Credit scoring and lending data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/credit-scoring-and-lending-data.md) | 2 | AI 2 | 0 |
| 139 | [Global Financial Development Database](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/macroeconomic-and-development-indicators.md#global-financial-development-database) | [Macroeconomic and development indicators](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/macroeconomic-and-development-indicators.md) | 2 | Finance 1 · Economics 1 | 1 |
| 139 | [GSM8K / MATH](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/llm-evaluation-benchmarks.md#gsm8k-math) | [LLM evaluation benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/llm-evaluation-benchmarks.md) | 2 | AI 2 | 0 |
| 139 | [Hexun CSR ratings](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/esg-and-sustainability-ratings.md#hexun-csr-ratings) | [ESG and sustainability ratings](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/esg-and-sustainability-ratings.md) | 2 | Finance 1 · Management 1 | 0 |
| 139 | [Hou-Xue-Zhang q-factors](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/asset-pricing-factor-data.md#hou-xue-zhang-q-factors) | [Asset pricing factor data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/asset-pricing-factor-data.md) | 2 | Finance 1 · Accounting 1 | 0 |
| 139 | [Household Finance and Consumption Survey](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/european-and-other-national-household-panels.md#household-finance-and-consumption-survey) | [European and other national household panels](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/european-and-other-national-household-panels.md) | 2 | Finance 2 | 0 |
| 139 | [I/B/E/S](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/analyst-forecasts.md#i-b-e-s) | [Analyst forecasts](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/analyst-forecasts.md) | 2 | Finance 2 | 0 |
| 139 | [India National Sample Survey](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/developing-country-household-surveys.md#india-national-sample-survey) | [Developing-country household surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/developing-country-household-surveys.md) | 2 | Economics 2 | 0 |
| 139 | [IPUMS](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/us-household-and-labour-surveys.md#ipums) | [US household and labour surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/us-household-and-labour-surveys.md) | 2 | Economics 1 · Management 1 | 0 |
| 139 | [ISIC skin lesion archive](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/medical-and-clinical-datasets.md#isic-skin-lesion-archive) | [Medical and clinical datasets](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/medical-and-clinical-datasets.md) | 2 | AI 2 | 0 |
| 139 | [Landsat](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/satellite-and-geospatial-data.md#landsat) | [Satellite and geospatial data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/satellite-and-geospatial-data.md) | 2 | Economics 1 · AI 1 | 0 |
| 139 | [Lightcast (Burning Glass)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/job-postings-and-occupation-data.md#lightcast-burning-glass) | [Job postings and occupation data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/job-postings-and-occupation-data.md) | 2 | Finance 1 · Economics 1 | 0 |
| 139 | [London Metal Exchange / LBMA](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/commodity-prices.md#london-metal-exchange-lbma) | [Commodity prices](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/commodity-prices.md) | 2 | Finance 1 · Economics 1 | 0 |
| 139 | [MODIS](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/satellite-and-geospatial-data.md#modis) | [Satellite and geospatial data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/satellite-and-geospatial-data.md) | 2 | Finance 1 · Operations Research 1 | 1 |
| 139 | [Morningstar](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/mutual-fund-and-hedge-fund-data.md#morningstar) | [Mutual fund and hedge fund data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/mutual-fund-and-hedge-fund-data.md) | 2 | Finance 2 | 0 |
| 139 | [NSL-KDD / KDD Cup 99](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cybersecurity-and-anomaly-detection-benchmarks.md#nsl-kdd-kdd-cup-99) | [Cybersecurity and anomaly detection benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cybersecurity-and-anomaly-detection-benchmarks.md) | 2 | AI 2 | 0 |
| 139 | [NYSE TAQ](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/us-stock-market-data.md#nyse-taq) | [US stock market data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/us-stock-market-data.md) | 2 | Finance 1 · Economics 1 | 1 |
| 139 | [O*NET](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/job-postings-and-occupation-data.md#o-net) | [Job postings and occupation data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/job-postings-and-occupation-data.md) | 2 | Economics 2 | 0 |
| 139 | [Open Graph Benchmark](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/graph-learning-benchmarks.md#open-graph-benchmark) | [Graph learning benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/graph-learning-benchmarks.md) | 2 | AI 2 | 0 |
| 139 | [OpenML](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/public-machine-learning-repositories.md#openml) | [Public machine learning repositories](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/public-machine-learning-repositories.md) | 2 | AI 2 | 0 |
| 139 | [Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/health-data.md#oxford-covid-19-government-response-tracker) | [Health data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/health-data.md) | 2 | Finance 1 · Economics 1 | 0 |
| 139 | [PATSTAT](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/patents-and-innovation-data.md#patstat) | [Patents and innovation data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/patents-and-innovation-data.md) | 2 | Economics 1 · Management 1 | 0 |
| 139 | [Pre-training corpora (Common Crawl, C4, The Pile)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/text-and-nlp-benchmarks.md#pre-training-corpora-common-crawl-c4-the-pile) | [Text and NLP benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/text-and-nlp-benchmarks.md) | 2 | Finance 1 · Economics 1 | 0 |
| 139 | [Scene classification (NWPU-RESISC45, UC Merced, AID)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/remote-sensing-benchmarks.md#scene-classification-nwpu-resisc45-uc-merced-aid) | [Remote sensing benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/remote-sensing-benchmarks.md) | 2 | AI 2 | 0 |
| 139 | [Stanford Sentiment Treebank](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/text-and-nlp-benchmarks.md#stanford-sentiment-treebank) | [Text and NLP benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/text-and-nlp-benchmarks.md) | 2 | Finance 1 · AI 1 | 0 |
| 139 | [Statistical Review of World Energy](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/energy-and-emissions-data.md#statistical-review-of-world-energy) | [Energy and emissions data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/energy-and-emissions-data.md) | 2 | Economics 1 · Management 1 | 0 |
| 139 | [Survey of Professional Forecasters](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/us-macroeconomic-data.md#survey-of-professional-forecasters) | [US macroeconomic data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/us-macroeconomic-data.md) | 2 | Finance 2 | 0 |
| 139 | [SynTao Green Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/esg-and-sustainability-ratings.md#syntao-green-finance) | [ESG and sustainability ratings](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/esg-and-sustainability-ratings.md) | 2 | Finance 1 · Economics 1 | 0 |
| 139 | [Tennessee Eastman process](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/industrial-fault-and-prognostics-benchmarks.md#tennessee-eastman-process) | [Industrial fault and prognostics benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/industrial-fault-and-prognostics-benchmarks.md) | 2 | AI 2 | 0 |
| 139 | [Thomson Reuters 13F holdings](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/ownership-and-insider-trading.md#thomson-reuters-13f-holdings) | [Ownership and insider trading](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/ownership-and-insider-trading.md) | 2 | Finance 1 · Operations Research 1 | 0 |
| 139 | [TIMSS / PIRLS](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/education-data.md#timss-pirls) | [Education data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/education-data.md) | 2 | Finance 1 · Economics 1 | 0 |
| 139 | [UN Comtrade](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/international-trade-and-input-output-data.md#un-comtrade) | [International trade and input-output data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/international-trade-and-input-output-data.md) | 2 | Finance 1 · Economics 1 | 0 |
| 139 | [Understanding Society / BHPS](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/european-and-other-national-household-panels.md#understanding-society-bhps) | [European and other national household panels](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/european-and-other-national-household-panels.md) | 2 | Economics 2 | 0 |
| 139 | [US Energy Information Administration (EIA)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/energy-and-emissions-data.md#us-energy-information-administration-eia) | [Energy and emissions data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/energy-and-emissions-data.md) | 2 | Economics 1 · Operations Research 1 | 0 |
| 139 | [US EPA emissions inventories (GHGRP, TRI)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/energy-and-emissions-data.md#us-epa-emissions-inventories-ghgrp-tri) | [Energy and emissions data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/energy-and-emissions-data.md) | 2 | Management 2 | 0 |
| 139 | [US health surveys (NHANES, BRFSS, MEPS)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/health-data.md#us-health-surveys-nhanes-brfss-meps) | [Health data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/health-data.md) | 2 | AI 2 | 0 |
| 139 | [USPTO / PatentsView](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/patents-and-innovation-data.md#uspto-patentsview) | [Patents and innovation data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/patents-and-innovation-data.md) | 2 | Finance 1 · Management 1 | 0 |
| 139 | [XBRL filings](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/corporate-filings-and-text.md#xbrl-filings) | [Corporate filings and text](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/corporate-filings-and-text.md) | 2 | Economics 1 · Management 1 | 1 |
| 139 | [Zacks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/analyst-forecasts.md#zacks) | [Analyst forecasts](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/analyst-forecasts.md) | 2 | Finance 1 · Economics 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [AAII sentiment survey](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/uncertainty-and-sentiment-indices.md#aaii-sentiment-survey) | [Uncertainty and sentiment indices](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/uncertainty-and-sentiment-indices.md) | 1 | Finance 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [Afrobarometer / Latinobarometro](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cross-country-social-and-attitude-surveys.md#afrobarometer-latinobarometro) | [Cross-country social and attitude surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cross-country-social-and-attitude-surveys.md) | 1 | Economics 1 | 1 |
| 196 | [AG News / 20 Newsgroups](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/text-and-nlp-benchmarks.md#ag-news-20-newsgroups) | [Text and NLP benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/text-and-nlp-benchmarks.md) | 1 | Management 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [Amadeus (Bureau van Dijk)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/company-financial-statements.md#amadeus-bureau-van-dijk) | [Company financial statements](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/company-financial-statements.md) | 1 | Accounting 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [Audit Analytics](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/corporate-governance-and-executive-data.md#audit-analytics) | [Corporate governance and executive data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/corporate-governance-and-executive-data.md) | 1 | Accounting 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [Baidu Index](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/search-news-and-web-data.md#baidu-index) | [Search, news and web data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/search-news-and-web-data.md) | 1 | Finance 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [BankFocus / BankScope](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/bank-regulatory-data.md#bankfocus-bankscope) | [Bank regulatory data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/bank-regulatory-data.md) | 1 | Finance 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [Call Reports](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/bank-regulatory-data.md#call-reports) | [Bank regulatory data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/bank-regulatory-data.md) | 1 | Accounting 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [CEADs (China emission accounts)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/energy-and-emissions-data.md#ceads-china-emission-accounts) | [Energy and emissions data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/energy-and-emissions-data.md) | 1 | Finance 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [CEPII BACI](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/international-trade-and-input-output-data.md#cepii-baci) | [International trade and input-output data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/international-trade-and-input-output-data.md) | 1 | Economics 1 | 1 |
| 196 | [Chest X-ray (CheXpert, ChestX-ray14)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/medical-and-clinical-datasets.md#chest-x-ray-chexpert-chestx-ray14) | [Medical and clinical datasets](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/medical-and-clinical-datasets.md) | 1 | AI 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [China Energy Statistical Yearbook](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-statistical-yearbooks-and-regional-indices.md#china-energy-statistical-yearbook) | [China statistical yearbooks and regional indices](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-statistical-yearbooks-and-regional-indices.md) | 1 | Economics 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [China Labor-force Dynamics Survey (CLDS)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-household-and-social-surveys.md#china-labor-force-dynamics-survey-clds) | [China household and social surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-household-and-social-surveys.md) | 1 | AI 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [Chinese Industrial Enterprises Database](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/firm-surveys-and-census-data.md#chinese-industrial-enterprises-database) | [Firm surveys and census data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/firm-surveys-and-census-data.md) | 1 | Finance 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [Chinn-Ito financial openness index](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/governance-and-institutional-indicators.md#chinn-ito-financial-openness-index) | [Governance and institutional indicators](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/governance-and-institutional-indicators.md) | 1 | Finance 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [CMIE Prowess](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/firm-surveys-and-census-data.md#cmie-prowess) | [Firm surveys and census data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/firm-surveys-and-census-data.md) | 1 | Finance 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [CoinMarketCap](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cryptocurrency-data.md#coinmarketcap) | [Cryptocurrency data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cryptocurrency-data.md) | 1 | Finance 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [Credit bureaus (Equifax, Experian, TransUnion)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/credit-scoring-and-lending-data.md#credit-bureaus-equifax-experian-transunion) | [Credit scoring and lending data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/credit-scoring-and-lending-data.md) | 1 | Economics 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [Credit card fraud data (Kaggle, PaySim, IEEE-CIS)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cybersecurity-and-anomaly-detection-benchmarks.md#credit-card-fraud-data-kaggle-paysim-ieee-cis) | [Cybersecurity and anomaly detection benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cybersecurity-and-anomaly-detection-benchmarks.md) | 1 | AI 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [CRU climate data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/weather-climate-and-disaster-data.md#cru-climate-data) | [Weather, climate and disaster data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/weather-climate-and-disaster-data.md) | 1 | Economics 1 | 1 |
| 196 | [CWRU bearing data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/industrial-fault-and-prognostics-benchmarks.md#cwru-bearing-data) | [Industrial fault and prognostics benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/industrial-fault-and-prognostics-benchmarks.md) | 1 | AI 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [DealScan](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/bond-loan-and-credit-data.md#dealscan) | [Bond, loan and credit data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/bond-loan-and-credit-data.md) | 1 | Finance 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [DOTA / xView](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/remote-sensing-benchmarks.md#dota-xview) | [Remote sensing benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/remote-sensing-benchmarks.md) | 1 | AI 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [EM-DAT disaster database](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/weather-climate-and-disaster-data.md#em-dat-disaster-database) | [Weather, climate and disaster data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/weather-climate-and-disaster-data.md) | 1 | Operations Research 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [EU ETS transaction log](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/energy-and-emissions-data.md#eu-ets-transaction-log) | [Energy and emissions data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/energy-and-emissions-data.md) | 1 | Economics 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [Face recognition (LFW, CelebA, VGGFace2)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/face-person-and-video-benchmarks.md#face-recognition-lfw-celeba-vggface2) | [Face, person and video benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/face-person-and-video-benchmarks.md) | 1 | AI 1 | 1 |
| 196 | [Facial expression (FER2013, AffectNet, RAF-DB)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/face-person-and-video-benchmarks.md#facial-expression-fer2013-affectnet-raf-db) | [Face, person and video benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/face-person-and-video-benchmarks.md) | 1 | AI 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [Factiva](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/search-news-and-web-data.md#factiva) | [Search, news and web data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/search-news-and-web-data.md) | 1 | Finance 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [Financial PhraseBank](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/financial-nlp-datasets.md#financial-phrasebank) | [Financial NLP datasets](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/financial-nlp-datasets.md) | 1 | Operations Research 1 | 1 |
| 196 | [FinQA / ConvFinQA / TAT-QA](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/financial-nlp-datasets.md#finqa-convfinqa-tat-qa) | [Financial NLP datasets](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/financial-nlp-datasets.md) | 1 | AI 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [FR Y-9C](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/bank-regulatory-data.md#fr-y-9c) | [Bank regulatory data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/bank-regulatory-data.md) | 1 | Accounting 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [FTSE indices](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/stock-market-indices.md#ftse-indices) | [Stock market indices](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/stock-market-indices.md) | 1 | Operations Research 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [Glassdoor](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/job-postings-and-occupation-data.md#glassdoor) | [Job postings and occupation data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/job-postings-and-occupation-data.md) | 1 | Accounting 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [Global Burden of Disease](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/health-data.md#global-burden-of-disease) | [Health data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/health-data.md) | 1 | Economics 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [Global Trade Alert](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/international-trade-and-input-output-data.md#global-trade-alert) | [International trade and input-output data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/international-trade-and-input-output-data.md) | 1 | Management 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [GTAP](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/international-trade-and-input-output-data.md#gtap) | [International trade and input-output data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/international-trade-and-input-output-data.md) | 1 | Economics 1 | 1 |
| 196 | [HILDA](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/european-and-other-national-household-panels.md#hilda) | [European and other national household panels](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/european-and-other-national-household-panels.md) | 1 | Economics 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [Houston 2013 / 2018](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/remote-sensing-benchmarks.md#houston-2013-2018) | [Remote sensing benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/remote-sensing-benchmarks.md) | 1 | AI 1 | 1 |
| 196 | [India Human Development Survey](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/developing-country-household-surveys.md#india-human-development-survey) | [Developing-country household surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/developing-country-household-surveys.md) | 1 | Economics 1 | 1 |
| 196 | [Indonesia Family Life Survey](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/developing-country-household-surveys.md#indonesia-family-life-survey) | [Developing-country household surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/developing-country-household-surveys.md) | 1 | Economics 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [Industrial control anomalies (SWaT, WADI)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cybersecurity-and-anomaly-detection-benchmarks.md#industrial-control-anomalies-swat-wadi) | [Cybersecurity and anomaly detection benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cybersecurity-and-anomaly-detection-benchmarks.md) | 1 | AI 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [ISS (Institutional Shareholder Services)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/corporate-governance-and-executive-data.md#iss-institutional-shareholder-services) | [Corporate governance and executive data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/corporate-governance-and-executive-data.md) | 1 | Management 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [Japan and Korea household panels](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/european-and-other-national-household-panels.md#japan-and-korea-household-panels) | [European and other national household panels](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/european-and-other-national-household-panels.md) | 1 | Economics 1 | 1 |
| 196 | [LexisNexis](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/search-news-and-web-data.md#lexisnexis) | [Search, news and web data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/search-news-and-web-data.md) | 1 | Finance 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [LibriSpeech](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/speech-and-audio-benchmarks.md#librispeech) | [Speech and audio benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/speech-and-audio-benchmarks.md) | 1 | AI 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [M3 / M4 / M5 competitions](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/time-series-and-traffic-benchmarks.md#m3-m4-m5-competitions) | [Time-series and traffic benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/time-series-and-traffic-benchmarks.md) | 1 | Economics 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [Markit CDS](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/bond-loan-and-credit-data.md#markit-cds) | [Bond, loan and credit data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/bond-loan-and-credit-data.md) | 1 | Economics 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [MuJoCo](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/reinforcement-learning-environments.md#mujoco) | [Reinforcement learning environments](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/reinforcement-learning-environments.md) | 1 | AI 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [Nikkei 225 / TOPIX](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/stock-market-indices.md#nikkei-225-topix) | [Stock market indices](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/stock-market-indices.md) | 1 | Finance 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [Open Images](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/object-detection-and-segmentation-benchmarks.md#open-images) | [Object detection and segmentation benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/object-detection-and-segmentation-benchmarks.md) | 1 | AI 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [Pavia University / Pavia Centre](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/remote-sensing-benchmarks.md#pavia-university-pavia-centre) | [Remote sensing benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/remote-sensing-benchmarks.md) | 1 | AI 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [Peking University Digital Financial Inclusion Index](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-statistical-yearbooks-and-regional-indices.md#peking-university-digital-financial-inclusion-index) | [China statistical yearbooks and regional indices](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/china-statistical-yearbooks-and-regional-indices.md) | 1 | Finance 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [PISA](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cross-country-social-and-attitude-surveys.md#pisa) | [Cross-country social and attitude surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/cross-country-social-and-attitude-surveys.md) | 1 | Economics 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [Polity](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/governance-and-institutional-indicators.md#polity) | [Governance and institutional indicators](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/governance-and-institutional-indicators.md) | 1 | Finance 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [PSID](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/us-household-and-labour-surveys.md#psid) | [US household and labour surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/us-household-and-labour-surveys.md) | 1 | Economics 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [PSPLIB](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/optimization-benchmark-instances.md#psplib) | [Optimization benchmark instances](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/optimization-benchmark-instances.md) | 1 | Operations Research 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [RavenPack](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/search-news-and-web-data.md#ravenpack) | [Search, news and web data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/search-news-and-web-data.md) | 1 | Operations Research 1 | 1 |
| 196 | [RepRisk](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/esg-and-sustainability-ratings.md#reprisk) | [ESG and sustainability ratings](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/esg-and-sustainability-ratings.md) | 1 | Finance 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [S&P Capital IQ](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/company-financial-statements.md#s-p-capital-iq) | [Company financial statements](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/company-financial-statements.md) | 1 | Management 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [S&P CoreLogic Case-Shiller](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/real-estate-and-housing-data.md#s-p-corelogic-case-shiller) | [Real estate and housing data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/real-estate-and-housing-data.md) | 1 | Accounting 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [SEC EDGAR](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/corporate-filings-and-text.md#sec-edgar) | [Corporate filings and text](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/corporate-filings-and-text.md) | 1 | Economics 1 | 1 |
| 196 | [Seeking Alpha](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/social-media-data.md#seeking-alpha) | [Social media data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/social-media-data.md) | 1 | Finance 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [SIPP](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/us-household-and-labour-surveys.md#sipp) | [US household and labour surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/us-household-and-labour-surveys.md) | 1 | AI 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [Skeleton and pose (NTU RGB+D, Human3.6M)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/face-person-and-video-benchmarks.md#skeleton-and-pose-ntu-rgb-d-human3-6m) | [Face, person and video benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/face-person-and-video-benchmarks.md) | 1 | AI 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [SUMO traffic simulator](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/reinforcement-learning-environments.md#sumo-traffic-simulator) | [Reinforcement learning environments](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/reinforcement-learning-environments.md) | 1 | AI 1 | 1 |
| 196 | [Survey of Consumer Finances](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/us-household-and-labour-surveys.md#survey-of-consumer-finances) | [US household and labour surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/us-household-and-labour-surveys.md) | 1 | Economics 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [Taiwan credit card default (UCI)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/credit-scoring-and-lending-data.md#taiwan-credit-card-default-uci) | [Credit scoring and lending data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/credit-scoring-and-lending-data.md) | 1 | Finance 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [Trucost](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/esg-and-sustainability-ratings.md#trucost) | [ESG and sustainability ratings](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/esg-and-sustainability-ratings.md) | 1 | Finance 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [TruthfulQA / HellaSwag / ARC](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/llm-evaluation-benchmarks.md#truthfulqa-hellaswag-arc) | [LLM evaluation benchmarks](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/llm-evaluation-benchmarks.md) | 1 | Finance 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [UK Biobank](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/medical-and-clinical-datasets.md#uk-biobank) | [Medical and clinical datasets](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/medical-and-clinical-datasets.md) | 1 | AI 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [US Census business data (LBD, CBP, QCEW)](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/firm-surveys-and-census-data.md#us-census-business-data-lbd-cbp-qcew) | [Firm surveys and census data](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/firm-surveys-and-census-data.md) | 1 | Management 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [World Bank Doing Business](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/governance-and-institutional-indicators.md#world-bank-doing-business) | [Governance and institutional indicators](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/governance-and-institutional-indicators.md) | 1 | Management 1 | 0 |
| 196 | [Young Lives](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/developing-country-household-surveys.md#young-lives) | [Developing-country household surveys](https://scholar4ai.com/datasets/developing-country-household-surveys.md) | 1 | Economics 1 | 0 |

Watched datasets with no paper in this window (103): American Community Survey, American Time Use Survey, AQR factors, Atari (Arcade Learning Environment), AudioSet / ESC-50, Australian Credit (UCI), Battery ageing data (NASA, CALCE), BIG-bench, China Customs data, China Environmental Statistical Yearbook, China housing platforms (Lianjia, Anjuke, Fang.com), China patent office (CNIPA / SIPO), Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP), Chinese investor forums (Guba, Xueqiu), CLHLS, Common Voice, CoreLogic, CRSP Mutual Fund Database, CryptoCompare, CVRPLIB, DeepMind Control Suite, Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, ECB SAFE survey, English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, Etherscan, eVestment, Fannie Mae / Freddie Mac loan data, FDIC Summary of Deposits, FHFA house price index, FinanceBench, Financial stress indices, FiQA, Freedom House, Give Me Some Credit, Glassnode, Global Factor Data (JKP), Google Earth Engine, Google Patents, Hedge Fund Research (HFR), Henry Hub natural gas, HMDA mortgage data, Home Credit, HumanEval / MBPP, iFinD, Indeed, India Annual Survey of Industries, Indian Pines, Insider trading filings (Form 4), International Social Survey Programme, IoT intrusion data (Bot-IoT, TON_IoT, CICIoT2023), IPEDS, Johns Hopkins COVID-19 data, Kaiko, Kauffman Firm Survey, KEEL, LIDC-IDRI, LISS panel, Maddison Project, Mergent FISD, MIPLIB, MMLU, Molecule benchmarks (QM9, ZINC, MUTAG), Multi-objective test problems (ZDT, DTLZ, WFG), Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, NAEP, NASA C-MAPSS turbofan data, NBER patent data, Netflix Prize, NLSY, NOAA Storm Events Database, NYC taxi trips, Open Source Asset Pricing, OpenAI Gym / Gymnasium, OptionMetrics, Paderborn bearing data, PitchBook, Preqin, PRONOSTIA / PHM 2012 bearings, Prosper, RESSET, Revelio Labs, Russell 1000 / 2000 / 3000, S&P Global Market Intelligence (SNL), S&P GSCI / Bloomberg Commodity Index, SDC Platinum, SEER cancer registry, Solomon VRPTW instances, SQuAD, Stanford Education Data Archive, StarCraft, Sustainalytics, Taillard instances, TIMIT, TSPLIB, UCR / UEA archives, VentureXpert / VentureSource, VoxCeleb, WHO Global Health Observatory, World Bank Pink Sheet, Worldscope, XJTU-SY bearings, Zephyr (Bureau van Dijk), Zillow (ZTRAX, ZHVI).

## How the datasets are found

The site watches a fixed list of 371 datasets in 58 data categories, each with the names papers use for it (full names, abbreviations and common spellings). A paper counts when one of them appears in its title, abstract or OpenAlex keywords, or, for papers whose full text OpenAlex has indexed, anywhere in the full text (found with OpenAlex full-text search).

In this window OpenAlex has the abstract of 863 of the 3,332 papers (26%) and searchable full text for 619 (19%); titles and keywords are always there.

The full-text lookups go a group of names at a time, the stalest first, as far as the day's OpenAlex request budget allows: each of the 69 groups was last looked up on 2026-10-26.

The counts are therefore lower bounds that lean toward papers with open full text, and a mention is not proof that a paper uses the equation or dataset. Abstracts are only read to spot the names; they are neither stored nor republished.

## Questions this page answers

### What data is used most in finance, accounting, economics, management, operations research and AI research?

Counting papers that mention a dataset by name, the kinds of data used most in the tracked finance, accounting, economics, management, operations research and AI journals over the last 30 days were Optimization benchmark instances (113), Social media data (61), Image classification benchmarks (60), Macroeconomic and development indicators (59) and Uncertainty and sentiment indices (55); the most-mentioned datasets were OR-Library (109), S&P 500 (34), Economic Policy Uncertainty index (31), ImageNet (31) and World Development Indicators (World Bank) (30).

### What data is used most in finance research?

Counting papers that mention a dataset by name, the kinds of data used most in the tracked finance journals over the last 30 days were Uncertainty and sentiment indices (32), Stock market indices (28), China financial and firm databases (16), Financial data platforms (14) and Macroeconomic and development indicators (14); the most-mentioned datasets were S&P 500 (21), Economic Policy Uncertainty index (16), CSMAR (15), OR-Library (14) and VIX (13).

### What data is used most in accounting research?

Counting papers that mention a dataset by name, the kinds of data used most in the tracked accounting journals over the last 30 days were Bank regulatory data (2), Company financial statements (2), Financial data platforms (2), Asset pricing factor data (1) and Corporate filings and text (1); the most-mentioned datasets were Amadeus (Bureau van Dijk) (1), Audit Analytics (1), Bloomberg (1), Call Reports (1) and Compustat (1).

### What data is used most in economics research?

Counting papers that mention a dataset by name, the kinds of data used most in the tracked economics journals over the last 30 days were Macroeconomic and development indicators (33), Energy and emissions data (23), Optimization benchmark instances (17), International trade and input-output data (16) and Uncertainty and sentiment indices (15); the most-mentioned datasets were International Energy Agency (IEA) (17), OR-Library (17), Eurostat (15), World Development Indicators (World Bank) (14) and WITS / TRAINS tariff data (9).

### What data is used most in management research?

Counting papers that mention a dataset by name, the kinds of data used most in the tracked management journals over the last 30 days were Social media data (24), Optimization benchmark instances (18), Job postings and occupation data (9), Macroeconomic and development indicators (9) and Online reviews, e-commerce and recommender data (8); the most-mentioned datasets were OR-Library (18), Facebook (14), LinkedIn (9), Twitter / X (9) and YouTube / TikTok (9).

### What data is used most in operations research?

Counting papers that mention a dataset by name, the kinds of data used most in the tracked operations research journals over the last 30 days were Optimization benchmark instances (24), Stock market indices (6), Social media data (4), Energy and emissions data (3) and Satellite and geospatial data (3); the most-mentioned datasets were OR-Library (22), S&P 500 (4), International Energy Agency (IEA) (3), YouTube / TikTok (3) and Euro Stoxx / DAX (2).

### What data is used most in AI research?

Counting papers that mention a dataset by name, the kinds of data used most in the tracked AI journals over the last 30 days were Image classification benchmarks (58), Optimization benchmark instances (40), Object detection and segmentation benchmarks (24), Medical and clinical datasets (22) and Public machine learning repositories (19); the most-mentioned datasets were OR-Library (38), CIFAR-10 / CIFAR-100 (29), ImageNet (29), MNIST / Fashion-MNIST (22) and MS COCO (11).

## Cite this page

Scholar4AI. (2026). Most-used data. Journal Research Rankings. Retrieved October 26, 2026, from https://scholar4ai.com/rankings/datasets

```bibtex
@misc{scholar4ai-rankings-datasets,
  author = {{Scholar4AI}},
  title = {Most-used data},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://scholar4ai.com/rankings/datasets}},
  urldate = {2026-10-26},
  note = {Journal Research Rankings; data from OpenAlex (CC0); licensed CC BY-NC 4.0}
}
```

License: CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).