---
title: "SDG 10 Reduced inequalities: research papers"
description: "From 2017 to 2026 (so far), SDG 10 (Reduced inequalities) was addressed by 28,770 papers in the tracked journals, most of them in economics (16,712), health economics and policy (2,302) and higher education and research (2,239). It is #5 of the 17 goals by papers from 2023 to 2025 (10,918)."
url: https://scholar4ai.com/sdgs/10-reduced-inequalities
markdown_url: https://scholar4ai.com/sdgs/10-reduced-inequalities.md
license: CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
share_text: "From 2017 to 2026 (so far), SDG 10 (Reduced inequalities) was addressed by 28,770 papers in the tracked journals, most of them in economics (16,712), health economics and policy (2,302) and higher education and research… (as of 2026-10-31)"
data_url: https://scholar4ai.com/data/rankings.json
updated: 2026-10-31T17:45:59+09:00
window: 2026-10-02 to 2026-10-31
source: OpenAlex (CC0)
---

# SDG 10: Reduced inequalities

Papers in the tracked journals on UN Sustainable Development Goal 10, Reduced inequalities. OpenAlex assigns a paper to each UN Sustainable Development Goal that its classifier scores above 0.4 from the paper's text; a paper can belong to several goals or to none.

All 17 goals: https://scholar4ai.com/rankings/sdgs.md

## Key findings

- From 2017 to 2026 (so far), SDG 10 (Reduced inequalities) was addressed by 28,770 papers in the tracked journals, most of them in economics (16,712), health economics and policy (2,302) and higher education and research (2,239).
- It is #5 of the 17 goals by papers from 2023 to 2025 (10,918).
- 4,380 of them were published in 2025, against 1,842 in 2017.
- Since 2023, the institutions with the most of these papers were IZA - Institute of Labor Economics (232), Peking University (189) and World Bank (165).
- The journals publishing most of them were World Development (493), Energy Policy (393) and Finance research letters (363).
- The most-cited of them is “Stop explaining black box machine learning models for high stakes decisions and use interpretable models instead” (Nature Machine Intelligence, 2019), with 10,516 citations.

## Papers per year

*Papers per publication year and category*

| Category | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 (so far) |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|
| [Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/economics.md) | 1,181 | 1,306 | 1,300 | 1,565 | 1,633 | 1,739 | 1,774 | 1,950 | 2,237 | 2,027 |
| [Health Economics and Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/health-economics-and-policy.md) | 191 | 167 | 206 | 210 | 232 | 181 | 207 | 255 | 340 | 313 |
| [Higher Education and Research](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/higher-education-and-research.md) | 143 | 126 | 150 | 189 | 232 | 199 | 199 | 311 | 366 | 324 |
| [Management](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/management.md) | 117 | 132 | 144 | 148 | 202 | 222 | 198 | 300 | 310 | 292 |
| [Finance](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/finance.md) | 61 | 59 | 62 | 73 | 114 | 117 | 151 | 299 | 432 | 290 |
| [Operations Research](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/operations-research.md) | 48 | 71 | 79 | 120 | 124 | 117 | 119 | 174 | 232 | 240 |
| [AI](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/ai.md) | 19 | 22 | 43 | 46 | 74 | 114 | 109 | 143 | 254 | 230 |
| [Tourism and Hospitality](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/tourism-and-hospitality.md) | 36 | 21 | 38 | 53 | 58 | 54 | 64 | 73 | 92 | 77 |
| [Information Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/information-systems.md) | 25 | 16 | 17 | 34 | 41 | 42 | 41 | 45 | 46 | 55 |
| [Marketing](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/marketing.md) | 9 | 12 | 14 | 19 | 24 | 28 | 22 | 26 | 33 | 28 |
| [Accounting](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/accounting.md) | 5 | 14 | 6 | 16 | 20 | 18 | 22 | 36 | 27 | 30 |
| [Statistics](https://scholar4ai.com/categories/statistics.md) | 7 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 13 | 13 | 7 | 11 | 10 |
| All categories | 1,842 | 1,948 | 2,065 | 2,479 | 2,758 | 2,844 | 2,919 | 3,619 | 4,380 | 3,916 |

## Where the papers come from

*Journals with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Journal | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [World Development](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/world-development.md) | 493 |
| 2 | [Energy Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/energy-policy.md) | 393 |
| 3 | [Finance research letters](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/finance-research-letters.md) | 363 |
| 4 | [International Journal of Educational Development](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/international-journal-of-educational-development.md) | 341 |
| 5 | [Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-economic-behavior-organization.md) | 293 |
| 6 | [Journal of Development Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-development-economics.md) | 275 |
| 7 | [Economic Analysis and Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/economic-analysis-and-policy.md) | 273 |
| 8 | [Higher Education](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/higher-education.md) | 271 |
| 9 | [Labour Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/labour-economics.md) | 256 |
| 10 | [Energy Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/energy-economics.md) | 236 |

*Institutions with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Institution | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | IZA - Institute of Labor Economics | 232 |
| 2 | [Peking University](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/peking-university.md) | 189 |
| 3 | World Bank | 165 |
| 4 | [Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/centre-national-de-la-recherche-scientifique.md) | 161 |
| 5 | University of Oxford | 147 |
| 6 | [Renmin University of China](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/renmin-university-of-china.md) | 142 |
| 7 | London School of Economics and Political Science | 128 |
| 8 | University College London | 115 |
| 9 | [Zhejiang University](https://scholar4ai.com/institutions/zhejiang-university.md) | 114 |
| 10 | University of Toronto | 108 |

*Countries with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Country | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | United States | 3,883 |
| 2 | China | 3,110 |
| 3 | United Kingdom | 1,741 |
| 4 | Germany | 1,037 |
| 5 | Italy | 971 |
| 6 | Australia | 797 |
| 7 | Spain | 756 |
| 8 | Canada | 658 |
| 9 | India | 650 |
| 10 | France | 605 |

*Keywords with the most papers, since 2023*

| # | Keyword | Papers |
|---:|---|---:|
| 1 | [China](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/china.md) | 1,107 |
| 2 | [income inequality](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/income-inequality.md) | 1,023 |
| 3 | gender differences | 737 |
| 4 | [COVID-19 pandemic](https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/covid-19-pandemic.md) | 564 |
| 5 | regional disparities | 433 |
| 6 | financial inclusion | 394 |
| 7 | educational attainment | 366 |
| 8 | India | 302 |
| 9 | developing countries | 291 |
| 10 | human capital | 270 |

## Most-cited papers

*Most-cited papers since 2017*

| # | Citations | Per month | Title | Journal | Published | Authors |
|---:|---:|---:|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10,516 | 117.3 | [Stop explaining black box machine learning models for high stakes decisions and use interpretable models instead](https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0048-x) | [Nature Machine Intelligence](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/nature-machine-intelligence.md) | 2019-05-13 | Cynthia D Rudin |
| 2 | 3,023 | 33.1 | [Survey on deep learning with class imbalance](https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-019-0192-5) | [Journal Of Big Data](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-big-data.md) | 2019-03-19 | Justin M. Johnson, Taghi M. Khoshgoftaar |
| 3 | 2,032 | 26.8 | [How many jobs can be done at home?](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104235) | [Journal of Public Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-public-economics.md) | 2020-07-09 | Jonathan I. Dingel, Brent Neiman |
| 4 | 1,468 | 13.2 | [Determinants of Internet skills, uses and outcomes. A systematic review of the second- and third-level digital divide](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2017.07.007) | [Telematics and Informatics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/telematics-and-informatics.md) | 2017-07-15 | Anique Scheerder, Alexander Johannes Aloysius Maria van Deursen, Jan A. G. M. van Dijk |
| 5 | 1,415 | 18.9 | [Inequality in the impact of the coronavirus shock: Evidence from real time surveys](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104245) | [Journal of Public Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-public-economics.md) | 2020-07-31 | Abi Adams‐Prassl, Teodora Boneva, Marta Golin et al. |
| 6 | 1,187 | 11.6 | [Just transition: Integrating climate, energy and environmental justice](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.04.014) | [Energy Policy](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/energy-policy.md) | 2018-04-24 | Darren McCauley, Raphael James Heffron |
| 7 | 1,042 | 17.6 | [The digital divide: A review and future research agenda](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121359) | [Technological Forecasting and Social Change](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/technological-forecasting-and-social-change.md) | 2021-11-27 | Sophie Lythreatis, Sanjay Kumar Singh, Abdul-Nasser El-Kassar |
| 8 | 999 | 13.4 | [Polarization and public health: Partisan differences in social distancing during the coronavirus pandemic](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104254) | [Journal of Public Economics](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/journal-of-public-economics.md) | 2020-08-06 | Hunt Allcott, Levi Boxell, Jacob Conway et al. |
| 9 | 973 | 8.8 | [Cost-Sensitive Learning of Deep Feature Representations From Imbalanced Data](https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2017.2732482) | [IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/ieee-transactions-on-neural-networks-and-learning-systems.md) | 2017-08-17 | Salman H. Khan, Munawar Hayat, Mohammed Bennamoun et al. |
| 10 | 954 | 8.6 | [Inclusive leadership: Realizing positive outcomes through belongingness and being valued for uniqueness](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.07.002) | [Human Resource Management Review](https://scholar4ai.com/journals/human-resource-management-review.md) | 2017-07-27 | Amy E. Randel, Benjamin Martell Galvin, Lynn M. Shore et al. |

## Cite this page

Scholar4AI. (2026). SDG 10: Reduced inequalities. Journal Research Rankings. Retrieved October 31, 2026, from https://scholar4ai.com/sdgs/10-reduced-inequalities

```bibtex
@misc{scholar4ai-sdgs-10-reduced-inequalities,
  author = {{Scholar4AI}},
  title = {SDG 10: Reduced inequalities},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://scholar4ai.com/sdgs/10-reduced-inequalities}},
  urldate = {2026-10-31},
  note = {Journal Research Rankings; data from OpenAlex (CC0); licensed CC BY-NC 4.0}
}
```

License: CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).