Invoicing currencies and the limits of de-dollarization
The US dollar, invoicing currency and de-dollarization appear on 67 recent papers in the finance and economics journals, and the yuan's use in trade settlement has risen since 2022. Yet only 23 of those papers connect the dollar to trade invoicing or the renminbi. Is de-dollarization happening in the currency of contracts, or only in the headlines?
What prompted this#
Since October 2025, 67 papers carry a dollar, invoicing-currency, de-dollarization or currency-internationalization keyword (33 in finance journals, 32 in economics): "US dollar" on 21, "dollarization" on 6, "invoicing currency" on 5, "de-dollarization" on 4. Only 23 of the 67 also carry an invoicing, trade, pass-through, renminbi or reserve-currency keyword.
Questions#
- In countries that announced yuan settlement with China, what share of actual trade contracts switched currency, and did it change exchange rate pass-through to their import prices?
- Do exporters invoice in yuan when they can, or do they want dollars even for trade with China?
- Has the share of dollar invoicing in global trade changed measurably since 2022, outside of Russia?
Data that could help#
Customs data with invoicing currency (available for the EU, some Asian countries and Russia), SWIFT currency shares, and central bank reserve composition (IMF COFER).
Next step#
Compare invoicing currency shares in customs data for countries that signed yuan settlement agreements with those that did not, before and after the agreements.