Scholar4AI Updated 2026-10-26 11:39 UTC+09:00

Instrumental variables (two-stage least squares)

area: Causal inference · 5 papers in the last 7 days

← Most-used equations and models

β^2SLS=(X⊤PZX)−1X⊤PZy,PZ=Z(Z⊤Z)−1Z⊤

Uses instruments Z that move the regressors but not the error term to estimate causal effects.

LaTeX: \hat\beta_{\mathrm{2SLS}} = (X^\top P_Z X)^{-1} X^\top P_Z\, y,\quad P_Z = Z (Z^\top Z)^{-1} Z^\top

Names searched for: two-stage least squares, instrumental variable, 2SLS, IV regression, IV estimation, IV estimator, IV approach

Key findings

  • Instrumental variables (two-stage least squares) was mentioned in 101 papers in the last 30 days (2026-09-27 to 2026-10-26), ranking #2 of the 88 equations and models mentioned.
  • By journal category: Economics (45), Finance (35), Management (13), Accounting (6), Operations Research (1) and AI (1).
  • Most of them appeared in International Review of Economics & Finance (21), Economic Analysis and Policy (5) and The Annals of Regional Science (4).
  • Often mentioned together with Ordinary least squares (OLS) (31), Propensity score matching (19) and Mediation model (indirect effect) (19).
  • Datasets named in the same papers: CSMAR (12), World Development Indicators (World Bank) (9) and Compustat (5).
Papers mentioning Instrumental variables (two-stage least squares), newest first. Newest 50 of 101 papers; all of them are in /data/papers.json.
DateTitleJournalAuthorsAffiliations
2026-10-23An identification-and dimensionality-robust test for instrumental variables modelsJournal of EconometricsManu NavjeevanTexas A&M University
2026-10-21“Made in heaven, matched by parents”: Can arranged marriage restrict labour market autonomy and participation of women?World DevelopmentSugata Bag, Anirban KarUniversity of Delhi; Centre for Development Economics
2026-10-21When bargaining power matters: foreign direct investment and bilateral GDP disparitiesEmpirical EconomicsXing Xu, Emin Gahramanov, Qinglai Meng et al.Shanghai Institute of Technology; American University of Sharjah; Oregon State University; …
2026-10-21The economic geography of Churches: housing market effects in StockholmJournal of Cultural EconomicsMats WilhelmssonKTH Royal Institute of Technology
2026-10-20Adopting AI, inviting risk? An empirical analysis of corporate cybersecurity consequences in IT firmsElectronic MarketsWei Xiao, Shan Xu, Jin Li et al.City University of Hong Kong; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Pusan National University
2026-10-19Firm-level effects of AI attention on wages and productivity: A global comparative studyTechnological Forecasting and Social ChangeSwapnanil SenGuptaGoethe University Frankfurt; Halle Institute for Economic Research
2026-10-17The shapes of knowledge spillovers: the AC-KS modelSmall Business EconomicsGustavo A. Barboza, Alessandro Braga, Aubin DuchierLoyola University New Orleans
2026-10-17Does advertising expand the market for hospital services? Evidence from MedicareJournal of Health EconomicsAbby E. Alpert, Atul Gupta, Michael R. Richards et al.Cornell University; John Brown University
2026-10-17Heavy inheritance: Genetic pathways from excess weight to biological aging and health in old ageEconomics & Human BiologyVera Sagalova, Holger Strulik BUniversity of Göttingen
2026-10-17The role of immigrant caregivers in improving the welfare of elders and reducing public health costsJournal of Population EconomicsLisa Capretti, Joanna Aleksandra Kopinska, Rama Dasi Mariani et al.University of Rome Tor Vergata; Sapienza University of Rome; Roma Tre University
2026-10-17Electrifying the factory and beyond: The impact of digital proximity on energy transitionEnergy EconomicsYijia Song, Qinyi Huang, Jiaqi Chen et al.Southwestern University of Finance and Economics; Sichuan University
2026-10-16The unstable boundary: conditional classification of non-performing loan determinants and its implications for banking regulationJournal of Banking RegulationMichael GiannoulakisUniversity of Greenwich
2026-10-16Agricultural Transformation and the Vulnerability to the Resource Curse in Developing CountriesComparative Economic StudiesSèna Kimm GnangnonWorld Bank
2026-10-15Geographic proximity of investors and firms' ESG performance: Evidence on local retail and institutional investorsAdvances in AccountingChengfeng Du, Huiqi Gan, Khondkar KarimUniversity of Massachusetts Lowell
2026-10-15Gas flaring, agricultural productivity and labor reallocation: Evidence from NigeriaJournal of Development EconomicsArinze NwokoloPan-Atlantic University
2026-10-15Investment additionality and job creation: evidence from reforms to regional development funding in GermanyThe Annals of Regional ScienceBjörn Alecke, Timo MitzeUniversity of Koblenz and Landau; Universität Koblenz
2026-10-15Asymmetric trading costs and ancient Greek citiesEconomic TheoryYuxian Chen, Yannis M. Ioannides, Ferdinand RauchBrown University; Tufts University; University of St.Gallen; …
2026-10-15Unfunded mandates, institutional quality, and social progress: an analysis for OECD countriesThe Annals of Regional ScienceMiriam Hortas‐Rico, David Martínez-AlgoraUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid
2026-10-14From tests to treatments: How is increased diagnostic testing related to inpatient and outpatient cancer care?Economics & Human BiologyNi Gao, Panos Kasteridis, Peter Mathew Sivey et al.University of York; Renmin University of China
2026-10-13Digital Finance and Trade in the Green Transition: Evidence from Emerging Asian EconomiesAsia-Pacific Financial MarketsAsma Rehman Ullah, Shahzeb Khurshid, Alishba Rahman Ullah et al.Rawalpindi Medical University; Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University; University of Duhok; …
2026-10-13Digital financial inclusion and SME performance: a structural equation modeling analysis of FinTech adoption impact in emerging marketsFuture Business JournalRodrigo Bochner
2026-10-13The real effects of long-term stock price informativeness: evidence from green innovation in ChinaJournal of Accounting and Public PolicyYing Fang, Xiangyu Wang, Duoduo YuXiamen University; Xiamen University of Technology
2026-10-13Training and productivity in micro-firmsResearch PolicyMarco Rispoli, Federico TamagniPrometeia (Italy); Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna
2026-10-12In the shadow of the CEO: How CFO co-option distorts capital allocationJournal of Contemporary Accounting & EconomicsMinjie Yu, Lin Li, Mengjia Yang et al.Huzhou Normal University
2026-10-12Artificial intelligence in credit markets: Algorithmic lending, financial inclusion, and regulatory arbitrageInternational Review of Economics & FinancePodong Song, Shutong Wu, Janson PartabKunming University; Yunnan University of Finance And Economics; Shanghai University of Finance and Economics; …
2026-10-10Innovation bridging sustainability: the role of digital finance, institutional policy stringency, and climate physical risks for advancing energy transformationFinancial InnovationHuma Iftikhar, Luo Guang, Ningyu QianHuazhong University of Science and Technology
2026-10-10Does social media deployment by local governments raise voters’ offline engagement – Evidence from the German state of HesseThe Quarterly Review of Economics and FinanceAbeer Ibtisam Aziz, Ivo BischoffUniversity of Kassel
2026-10-10AI governance policies, legal regulation, and corporate economic value co-creationEconomic Analysis and PolicyWenjing Lyu, Ke Tang, 崔雨China University of Political Science and Law; University of Birmingham; Capital University of Economics and Business
2026-10-10Digital-real economy integration and the value of China's energy enterprisesInternational Review of Financial AnalysisYunze Wang, Baohua GaoPeoples' Friendship University of Russia; Ocean University of China; Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation
2026-10-10The unseen pain of the Vietnam War: long-term effects of Agent Orange on labor market outcomesJournal of Population EconomicsLuu Duc Toan Huynh, Po Yin WongQueen Mary University of London
2026-10-09Political elites and access to economic opportunities in China’s rural market transitionWorld DevelopmentLin Xie, Mengting Liang, Q.F. Hou J.M. Han C.Y. Li et al.South China Agricultural University; Louisiana State University Agricultural Center; Zhejiang University
2026-10-09Product market competition and target difficulty: The role of innovationInternational Review of Economics & FinanceSeul Gi Oh
2026-10-09The impact of regional economic growth pressure on CSR disclosure: Evidence from ChinaInternational Review of Economics & FinanceHuahong Yan, Mingxuan Zhu, Jing Liu et al.Capital University of Economics and Business; Shanxi University of Finance and Economics
2026-10-09The impact of pension fund market entry reform on household risk asset allocation: A financial analysis based on lifecycle theoryInternational Review of Economics & FinanceGuang Guo, Ying Liu, Wenhao LingHenan University
2026-10-09How digital intelligence drives corporate green innovation: Evidence from ChinaStructural Change and Economic DynamicsTong Feng, Xiaomin Wang, Tianxin Wang et al.Tianjin University of Finance and Economics; Qingdao Technical College
2026-10-08Entrepreneurship development, corruption perception, and sustainable development outcomes in emerging economies: the moderating role of digital financial inclusionFuture Business JournalSeun Adebowale Adebanjo
2026-10-08Drought-index insurance, advisory services and farm productivity in GhanaFood PolicyAngela Boakye Afriyie, Awudu AbdulaiChristian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel
2026-10-08The impact of marketization on urban economic resilience: evidence from ChinaThe Annals of Regional SciencePing Su, Bingqian BuChongqing University of Technology
2026-10-08How energy poverty shapes investment in financial assets? Evidence from Chinese householdsInternational Review of Economics & Finance白辰文, Yupeng Shi, Qin Si et al.Central University of Finance and Economics
2026-10-08When women take all: Direct election and female leadershipJournal of Economic Behavior & OrganizationDavide CipulloUniversità Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Enel (Italy)
2026-10-08Behavioral drivers of cryptocurrency markets: A systematic reviewJournal of Behavioral and Experimental FinanceSebastian Steindl, Hans Rüdiger Kaufmann, Bernd BritzelmaierUniversity of Nicosia; Pforzheim University of Applied Sciences
2026-10-07The conditional value relevance of ESG and innovation disclosures: a multi-method analysis of European firms combining panel econometrics and machine learningAnnals of Operations ResearchAndreas Errikos Delegkos, Evangelia Arsenou, Dionisis Cavouras et al.University of West Attica; University College Dublin
2026-10-07Geopolitical risk and the spatial convergence of renewable energy consumption: Evidence from 1996 to 2026International Review of Economics & FinanceLiu He, 邹佰峰, Xing ChiangNortheast Agricultural University; Northeast Forestry University; City University of Macau
2026-10-07Human capital structure and corporate green transformation: Skill upgrading or cost burden?International Review of Economics & FinanceZishun ZhouSejong University
2026-10-06Does rank-and-file employees' equity compensation matter for asymmetric cost behavior? Evidence from stock optionsJournal of Contemporary Accounting & EconomicsKyeongheum Ra, Grace Goun Kim, Jinah HwangYonsei University; Sungshin Women's University
2026-10-06Can the digital revolution drive green growth? —the internal mechanism of corporate digital and intelligent transformation and green total factor productivityInternational Review of Economics & FinanceSiming Chen, Feichong Yue, Yaxi Qian et al.Chinese Academy of Governance; Jilin University; Shanghai University of Political Science and Law; …
2026-10-06Silent partners no more: Wife's managerial involvement and corporate carbon emissions in Chinese family firmsInternational Review of Economics & FinanceZhan Xu, Yetong HaoCapital University of Economics and Business
2026-10-05The impact of retirement policy on informal care provision in urban ChinaEconomics & Human BiologyWenxuan Zhong, Virginie MassonThe University of Adelaide
2026-10-05From kitchen stove to workplace: gendered labor, energy transition, and married women’s labor participation in ChinaReview of Economics of the HouseholdZhihua Tian, Xunuan Zhu, 陳國樑 et al.Zhejiang University of Technology; Jinan University; East China University of Political Science and Law
2026-10-05Mobile internet connectivity and climate change literacy in AfricaWorld DevelopmentYacouba KassouriPrague University of Economics and Business