F1 score

area: Deep learning and language models · 3 papers in the last 7 days

← Most-used equations and models · All deep learning and language models equations

F_1 = \frac{2\, P\, R}{P + R}

Harmonic mean of precision P and recall R, for classifiers on imbalanced data.

LaTeX: F_1 = \frac{2\, P\, R}{P + R}

Names searched for: F1 score, F1-score, F-measure, F1 measure

Variables and notation#

P is precision TP/(TP+FP), R recall TP/(TP+FN) and F1 their harmonic mean.

Worked example#

For TP=8,FP=2,FN=4, precision=0.8,recall=2/3 and F1=16/(16+2+4)=8/11≈0.727273.

F1 balances precision and recall but ignores true negatives; accuracy includes them. State positive class, zero-denominator handling and micro/macro averaging for multiclass comparisons.

Sources and further reading#

scikit-learn: precision, recall and F-measures

Examples use illustrative inputs, not observed research results. Logarithms are natural unless stated otherwise. Guide updated 2026-11-05. Prepared by Scholar4AI. Editorial and verification policy.

Key findings#

F1 score was mentioned in 95 papers in the last 30 days (2026-10-07 to 2026-11-05), ranking #10 of the 248 equations and models mentioned.
By journal category: AI (61), Information Systems (9), Statistics (7), Operations Research (6), Management (3), Finance (3), Higher Education and Research (3), Economics (2) and Marketing (1).
Most of them appeared in Expert Systems with Applications (8), Information Processing & Management (7) and Knowledge-Based Systems (6).
Often mentioned together with Scaled dot-product attention (Transformer) (27), Convolutional neural network (CNN) (18) and ROC curve and AUC (15).
Datasets named in the same papers: MIMIC (5), ImageNet (5) and Hugging Face Hub (5).
From Nov 2023 to Oct 2026, 2,636 archived papers mentioned F1 score in their title, abstract or keywords (the search of earlier months' full texts is still under way), most of them in Oct 2026 (118).
From 2017 to 2026 (so far), F1 score was mentioned in 3,039 papers in the tracked journals, most of them in AI (2,430), information systems (160) and operations research (153).
890 of them were published in 2025, against 16 in 2017.
Since 2023, the institutions with the most of these papers were Chinese Academy of Sciences (51), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (32) and Nanyang Technological University (29).
The journals publishing most of them were Neural Computing and Applications (276), Artificial Intelligence Review (240) and Expert Systems with Applications (233).
The most-cited of them is “Medical Image Segmentation Review: The Success of U-Net” (IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 2024), with 1,065 citations.

Mentions over 36 months#

Papers mentioning it by publication month, Nov 2023 to Oct 2026 (titles, abstracts and keywords; the full texts of earlier months are still being searched)
Trend	Nov 23–Oct 24	Nov 24–Oct 25	Nov 25–Oct 26	36 months
	777	874	985	2,636

Papers per year#

20172026 (so far)

Papers per publication year and category
Category	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024	2025	2026 (so far)
AI	13	8	19	28	53	81	201	648	734	645
Information Systems	1	2	1	2	4	11	23	32	40	44
Operations Research	0	1	0	0	1	1	16	42	43	49
Finance	0	0	0	0	1	0	4	13	13	31
Economics	0	0	0	0	1	0	5	9	23	22
Management	0	0	0	1	0	0	2	12	13	25
Higher Education and Research	0	0	1	1	5	7	4	8	11	14
Statistics	2	0	1	1	2	5	2	12	7	15
Marketing	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	2	3	6
Health Economics and Policy	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	3	1
Tourism and Hospitality	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	2
Accounting	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3
All categories	16	11	22	33	67	105	258	780	890	857

Where the papers come from#

Journals with the most papers, since 2023
#	Journal	Papers
1	Neural Computing and Applications	276
2	Artificial Intelligence Review	240
3	Expert Systems with Applications	233
4	Journal Of Big Data	213
5	Knowledge-Based Systems	147
6	Machine Learning	91
7	IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence	85
8	Information Fusion	78
9	Pattern Recognition	74
10	Applied Intelligence	71

Institutions with the most papers, since 2023
#	Institution	Papers
1	Chinese Academy of Sciences	51
2	Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique	32
3	Nanyang Technological University	29
4	Zhejiang University	27
5	Qatar University	26
6	National University of Singapore	24
7	Tsinghua University	24
8	University of Electronic Science and Technology of China	24
9	Norwegian University of Science and Technology	23
10	Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications	22

Countries with the most papers, since 2023
#	Country	Papers
1	China	700
2	United Kingdom	329
3	United States	310
4	Italy	211
5	India	203
6	Australia	189
7	Spain	184
8	Germany	133
9	Egypt	127
10	Saudi Arabia	96

Keywords with the most papers, since 2023
#	Keyword	Papers
1	large language models	238
2	class imbalance	202
3	explainable AI	141
4	convolutional neural networks	108
5	deep learning	107
6	feature selection	101
7	random forest	96
8	graph neural networks	89
9	interpretability	85
10	transfer learning	80

Most-cited papers#

Most-cited papers since 2017
#	Citations	Per month	Title	Journal	Published	Authors
1	1,065	40.2	Medical Image Segmentation Review: The Success of U-Net	IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence	2024-08-21	Reza Azad, Ehsan Khodapanah Aghdam, Amelie Rauland et al.
2	753	7.8	Richer Convolutional Features for Edge Detection	IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence	2018-10-31	Yun Liu, Ming‐Ming Cheng, Xiaowei Hu et al.
3	633	20.2	Feature selection strategies: a comparative analysis of SHAP-value and importance-based methods	Journal Of Big Data	2024-03-26	Huanjing Wang, Qianxin Liang, John Hancock et al.
4	627	18.4	Deep learning models for digital image processing: a review	Artificial Intelligence Review	2024-01-01	R. Archana, P. S. Eliahim Jeevaraj
5	613	18.5	Autoencoders and their applications in machine learning: a survey	Artificial Intelligence Review	2024-02-03	Kamal Berahmand, Fatemeh Daneshfar, Elaheh Sadat Salehi et al.
6	562	4.8	Enhancing deep learning sentiment analysis with ensemble techniques in social applications	Expert Systems with Applications	2017-02-03	Óscar Araque, Ignacio Corcuera, J. Fernando Sánchez-Rada et al.
7	548	15.7	A review of ensemble learning and data augmentation models for class imbalanced problems: Combination, implementation and evaluation	Expert Systems with Applications	2023-12-09	Azal Ahmad Khan, Omkar Chaudhari, Rohitash Chandra
8	495	22.9	Deep learning and computer vision in plant disease detection: a comprehensive review of techniques, models, and trends in precision agriculture	Artificial Intelligence Review	2025-01-17	Abhishek Upadhyay, Narendra Singh Chandel, Krishna Pratap Singh et al.
9	401	21.3	A comprehensive survey of loss functions and metrics in deep learning	Artificial Intelligence Review	2025-04-11	Juan R. Terven, Diana Margarita Córdova Esparza, Julio-Alejandro Romero-González et al.
10	396	11.6	Plant disease detection and classification techniques: a comparative study of the performances	Journal Of Big Data	2024-01-02	Wubetu Barud Demilie

Archive counts by publication year: a paper counts when its title, abstract or keywords name the equation, or when OpenAlex's full-text search finds it there (searched for the last 30 days' papers and, by a pass over the past years, for older ones). Names added to the list later are looked for in older papers as the archive is read again.

Papers mentioning F1 score, newest first. Newest 50 of 95 papers; all of them are in /data/papers.json.
Date	Title	Journal	Authors	Affiliations
2026-11-01	In-context bias propagation in LLM-based tabular data generation	Knowledge-Based Systems	Pol G. Recasens, Alberto Gutierrez, Jordi Torres et al.	Barcelona Supercomputing Center; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; IBM (Ireland); …
2026-10-31	Cross-Sectoral Patterns of Circular Consumption Behaviours: Evidence from R-Strategies	Journal of Consumer Policy	Katarzyna Bentkowska, Agnieszka Szulc‐Obłoza	SGH Warsaw School of Economics; Nicolaus Copernicus University
2026-10-30	Unsupervised Interpretable Similarity (UIS): A zero-shot framework and benchmark for patent landscaping and technology mapping	World Patent Information	Reza Rezazadegan, Mehran Moein Farsani	Shiraz University
2026-10-29	A training-free, physics-based framework for ego-centric spatio-temporal traffic accident localization	Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies	Yunfei Shen, Wenjing Li, Jun Zhang et al.	University of Science and Technology of China; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei Institutes of Physical Science; …
2026-10-29	Acoustic–semantic equivalence: A trimodal framework for B2B sales communication effectiveness and training allocation	Journal of Business Research	Joona Mäntyvaara, Paavo Nevalainen, Jukka Heikkonen	University of Turku
2026-10-29	Adaptive and cooperative kernel search optimizer-based feature selection for early prediction of abdominal aortic calcification	Applied Intelligence	Shanshan Chen, Qianqian Cao, Yuemeng Wu et al.	Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou University
2026-10-29	From Headlines to Assembly Lines: Constructing a Manufacturing Economic Policy Uncertainty Index	Atlantic Economic Journal	Simran K. Kahai, Aksh Dantal	John Carroll University
2026-10-28	Trajectory-consistent decoding for mitigating hallucinations in Large Vision-Language Models	Information Processing & Management	Zhenzhong Zheng, Xiang Cheng, Shuo Liu	Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications; State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology
2026-10-28	SMOTE-BWO: A hybrid oversampling method based on SMOTE and black widow optimization for imbalanced classification	Expert Systems with Applications	Shen Yan, Haifeng Guo, Xiaoming Su	Shenyang University of Technology
2026-10-28	Unifying global and local anomaly detection for time series	Knowledge and Information Systems	Tongkai Lu, Shuai Ma, Zhongxin Zhang et al.	Beihang University; Shandong University
2026-10-27	TempCTI-KG: Temporal validity and confidence decay modeling for Cyber Threat Intelligence knowledge graphs	Telematics and Informatics Reports	Doygun Demirol	Bingöl University
2026-10-27	Expert-Gated Large Language Model Framework for financial argument classification	Information Processing & Management	Harish Pratap Singh, Mayank Saini, Nishant Singh et al.	University of Petroleum and Energy Studies; Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology
2026-10-27	Crop disease classification and fertilizer recommendation using hybrid black eagle optimized deformable convolutional Mobilecapsule network	Image and Vision Computing	Sivaramakrishna Yechuri, Mallekedi Anand, Anuj Jain et al.	Lovely Professional University; Symbiosis International University
2026-10-27	Governance Complexity Index (GCI) Pakistan: Quantifying Organizational Structure Capacity	Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity	Asif Iqbal, Rafia Haider, Imran Ali Sultan et al.	Urban Unit; Government of Punjab; Government of Pakistan; …
2026-10-27	Spatio-temporal reconstruction of video frames for efficient deepfake detection	Information Sciences	Y. H. Yeon, Junho Yoon, Chang Choi	Gachon University
2026-10-27	Meta additive model: interpretable sparse learning with auto weighting	Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery	Xuelin Zhang, Xinyue Liu, Lingjuan Wu et al.	Huazhong Agricultural University; Dongfeng Motor (China)
2026-10-26	From unimodal to multimodal deep physiological signal analysis in healthcare: A survey of models, fusion and explainability	Knowledge-Based Systems	Thilini Bakmeedeniya, Selvarajah Thuseethan, Roshan Ragel et al.	University of Peradeniya; NSBM Green University; Charles Darwin University
2026-10-26	Structuring evidence in air pollution and cognitive impairment research using a role-analysis framework built on LLM-based entity extraction	BMC Medical Research Methodology	Hao Zhu, Simeng Liu, Kaiqi Lu et al.	Shanxi Medical University
2026-10-26	SMA: Semantic matching augmentation based medical diagnostic evaluation information extraction	Expert Systems with Applications	Yanghui Huang, Dazhen Lin, Donglin Cao	Xiamen University; Wuyi University; Wuyi University
2026-10-26	Thai-English target-based stock sentiment dataset for financial news with ICL-based evaluation	Language Resources and Evaluation	Chayapat Uthayopas, Chalermpun Mai-On, Wannaphong Phatthiyaphaibun et al.	Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology
2026-10-25	Trustaware-x: integrating game-theoretic incentives, reinforcement learning, and shapley value fair compensation in blockchain-secured federated learning	Journal of Combinatorial Optimization	Phuc Tran-Vinh, Thai-Minh Truong, Cuong Pham‐Quoc	Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
2026-10-25	EGY-MER: Establishing The First Egyptian Arabic Multimodal Emotion Recognition Dataset for Affective Computing	Language Resources and Evaluation	Amany Hussein, May Hussien, Ammar Hassona et al.	German International University; German University in Cairo; Universität Ulm
2026-10-24	RL-EPSO: Feature-level Q-learning-enhanced binary particle swarm optimization for feature selection	Swarm and Evolutionary Computation	Kunpeng Zhang, Shulin Yan, Jingyi Jin et al.	Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Jilin University; Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University
2026-10-24	Intrusion detection datasets for Cyber–Physical Systems: Taxonomy, challenges, and opportunities	Computers & Security	Vagner E. Quincozes, Silvio E. Quincozes, Albuquerque Celio et al.	Universidade Federal do Pampa; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Universidade Politécnica de Lisboa; …
2026-10-24	Data-driven budget optimization for team sports	International Journal of Information Management Data Insights	Christos Spyropoulos, Polychronis Εconomou, Sotiris Bersimis	University of Piraeus; University of Patras
2026-10-24	A priority-aware dual-channel feature fusion method for urban rail service traffic classification	Applied Intelligence	Xinpeng Liu, Junhui Zhao, Zhengyuan Wu et al.	Beijing Jiaotong University
2026-10-24	Label ensemble perspective for reduced-complexity graph node classification under label noise	Pattern Recognition	Rui Zhao, Bin Shi, Zhiming Liang et al.	Xi'an Jiaotong University; Pennsylvania State University
2026-10-23	Dynamic prediction of loss given default in Norwegian retail credit card debt: advanced machine learning versus statistical models	Digital Finance	Cathy Ho, Isabel A. C. Sandersen, Espen Selliken et al.	Norwegian University of Science and Technology
2026-10-23	When Does Analytic Complexity Matter? A Theory-Informed Comparison of Regression-Based and Algorithmically Flexible Models of Student Success in Community Colleges	Innovative Higher Education	JoHyun Kim, Jeongmin Ji, Seung Won Yoon	Texas A&M University; Korea Institute for Curriculum and Evaluation
2026-10-23	Learning Dominant States in Elementary Resource Constrained Shortest Path Problems	Annals of Operations Research	Saverio Basso, Alessandro Minoli, Matteo Salani	University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland; Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence Research
2026-10-23	Retrieval-augmented generation in biomedicine: a survey of technologies, datasets, and clinical applications	Artificial Intelligence Review	Jiawei He, Boya Zhang, Hossein Rouhizadeh et al.	University of Geneva; Hunan City University; Henan University; …
2026-10-22	Lithology identification method for tunnel face images with inter-class imbalance	Information Sciences	Liang Zhao, Jinwei Zhang, Zhanping Song et al.	Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology; Tashkent State Transport University
2026-10-22	An automated online proctoring system with live suspicious activity detection using YOLOv11 pose estimation and multi-model classification	Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence	Md. Taslim Arif, Abu Salyh Muhammad Mussa, Abdullah Al Mamun et al.
2026-10-22	Beyond the survey: a systematic empirical study of detection and association in visual MOT	Artificial Intelligence Review	Linh Van Ma, Juhua Hu, Wei Cheng et al.	Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology; University of Washington Tacoma
2026-10-21	Tacsa: evaluating the role of Tashkīl in Arabic sentiment analysis	Language Resources and Evaluation	Faiza Belbachir, Noan Bosco-Vizzavona, Mohand Boughanem	École Centrale d'Électronique; Institut de Recherche en Informatique de Toulouse; Université de Toulouse
2026-10-21	Responsible AI-driven decision-making for fair and efficient continuity of care among older adults	Omega	Somayeh Ghazalbash, Manaf Zargoush, Vedat Verter et al.	McMaster University; Queen's University; Northeastern University
2026-10-21	Blockchain-oriented IoHT cybersecurity system utilizing nested dense graph attention capsule networks with circulatory system-based optimization for robust data protection	Knowledge and Information Systems	G. Dinesh, R Giri Prasad, Loganathan Guganathan et al.	SRM Institute of Science and Technology; Aditya University; Saveetha University; …
2026-10-21	Optimization-aware trustworthy AI: A gradient-based multi-objective learning framework	Knowledge-Based Systems	Mirka Saarela, Prabha M. Kumarage	University of Jyväskylä
2026-10-21	AdaGuard: Temporal-leakage-free static–dynamic adaptation for android malware detection under concept drift	Computers & Security	Linfeng Yang, Zhi Xie, Zhiding Wu et al.	Guangxi University
2026-10-21	Enhancing gas pipeline accident risk assessment using a knowledge graph of latent contributing factor probabilities	Applied Intelligence	Zhihan Zhu, Mingyuan Zhang, Sirui Li	Dalian University of Technology
2026-10-20	From NER to Business Process Automation: comparative evaluation of CNN, LSTM, and transformer models for address intelligence	Knowledge and Information Systems	Vikas Jalodia, Divya Srivastava, Saurabh Kumar Srivastava	Bennett University
2026-10-20	Weighted UnLearning from Experience for Improved Spurious Correlation Robustness	Machine Learning	Jeff Mitchell, Jesus Martinez-del-Rincon, Niall McLaughlin	Queen's University Belfast
2026-10-20	Adaptation of foundation models in medical image analysis: mechanisms, evidence, and deployment considerations	Artificial Intelligence Review	Karma Phuntsho, Abdullah, Kyungmi Lee et al.	James Cook University
2026-10-19	A systematic literature review of bank failure prediction models	Finance Research Open	Japheth Jev, Lukman Akanbi, Muhammad Bilal et al.	Birmingham City University; Birmingham Newman University; University of Greater Manchester
2026-10-19	Joint contrastive and triplet alignment with memory-enhanced hard negative mining for text-audio bimodal sentiment analysis	Expert Systems with Applications	Siyuan Ni, Xianyong Li, Junyu Nie et al.	Xihua University
2026-10-19	DReX: An explainable deep learning-based multimodal recommendation framework	Knowledge-Based Systems	Adamya Shyam, Venkateswara Rao Kagita, Bharti Rana et al.	University of Delhi; National Institute of Technology Warangal
2026-10-18	Hybrid QCNN Framework for Pneumonia Detection Using CXR Data	Annals of Data Science	Richa Kumari, Samsonanoshbabu P	Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar
2026-10-18	Variable-precision fuzzy quantification rough set based on Choquet integral for noisy data classification	International Journal of Approximate Reasoning	Wenjie Jiang, Lingqiang Li, Ziqi Liu	Liaocheng University
2026-10-17	A two-stage ensemble learning framework for imbalanced classification via feature and ensemble selection	Expert Systems with Applications	Pengcheng Liu	Southwest Jiaotong University
2026-10-17	MsFIHMamba: A dual feature fusion network utilizing multi-scale and omnidirectional strategies for acromegaly diagnosis	Pattern Recognition	Wenqiang He, Ziqing Zhang, Hao Chen et al.	Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University; Fudan University; Huashan Hospital; …

Cite this page

Scholar4AI. (2026). F1 score. Journal and Conference Research Rankings. Retrieved November 5, 2026, from https://scholar4ai.com/equations/f1-score

@misc{scholar4ai-equations-f1-score,
  author = {{Scholar4AI}},
  title = {F1 score},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://scholar4ai.com/equations/f1-score}},
  urldate = {2026-11-05},
  note = {Journal and Conference Research Rankings; data from OpenAlex (CC0); licensed CC BY-NC 4.0}
}

Free to reuse for non-commercial purposes with attribution (CC BY-NC 4.0).