Genetic algorithm

area: Optimization and metaheuristics · 3 papers in the last 7 days

← Most-used equations and models · All optimization and metaheuristics equations

P(\text{select } i) = \frac{f_i}{\sum_j f_j}

Search heuristic that evolves a population of solutions by selection, crossover and mutation.

LaTeX: P(\text{select } i) = \frac{f_i}{\sum_j f_j}

Names searched for: genetic algorithm, NSGA-II

Variables and notation#

f_i is a nonnegative fitness score and the denominator total fitness; P(select i) is fitness-proportionate selection probability.

Worked example#

Fitness values (1,2,7) yield selection probabilities (0.1,0.2,0.7).

Genetic algorithms evolve a population with selection, crossover and mutation; gradient descent follows derivatives. Roulette selection needs nonnegative scores and positive total fitness; this equation covers only selection, not the full algorithm.

Sources and further reading#

Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems

Examples use illustrative inputs, not observed research results. Logarithms are natural unless stated otherwise. Guide updated 2026-11-05. Prepared by Scholar4AI. Editorial and verification policy.

Key findings#

Genetic algorithm was mentioned in 59 papers in the last 30 days (2026-10-07 to 2026-11-05), ranking #17 of the 248 equations and models mentioned.
By journal category: Operations Research (28), AI (23), Economics (4), Finance (2), Information Systems (1) and Statistics (1).
Most of them appeared in Swarm and Evolutionary Computation (8), Computers & Industrial Engineering (6) and Applied Intelligence (4).
Often mentioned together with Linear and integer programming (26), Vehicle routing problem (10) and Simulated annealing (10).
Datasets named in the same papers: MIMIC (2), PhysioNet / MIT-BIH (2) and Eurostat (2).
From Nov 2023 to Oct 2026, 3,280 archived papers mentioned Genetic algorithm in their title, abstract or keywords (the search of earlier months' full texts is still under way), most of them in Feb 2024 (136).
From 2017 to 2026 (so far), Genetic algorithm was mentioned in 6,033 papers in the tracked journals, most of them in AI (3,045), operations research (2,375) and economics (188).
1,064 of them were published in 2025, against 338 in 2017.
Since 2023, the institutions with the most of these papers were Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (87), Hong Kong Polytechnic University (50) and Huazhong University of Science and Technology (42).
The journals publishing most of them were Expert Systems with Applications (373), Computers & Industrial Engineering (268) and Neural Computing and Applications (258).
The most-cited of them is “Evolving Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Image Classification” (IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 2019), with 781 citations.

Mentions over 36 months#

Papers mentioning it by publication month, Nov 2023 to Oct 2026 (titles, abstracts and keywords; the full texts of earlier months are still being searched)
Trend	Nov 23–Oct 24	Nov 24–Oct 25	Nov 25–Oct 26	36 months
	1,146	1,124	1,010	3,280

Papers per year#

20172026 (so far)

Papers per publication year and category
Category	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024	2025	2026 (so far)
AI	189	156	175	235	221	300	298	589	543	339
Operations Research	120	161	124	145	145	180	225	452	414	409
Economics	8	5	9	12	19	13	14	36	43	29
Information Systems	12	7	10	14	6	16	16	27	15	19
Finance	3	2	4	3	5	0	12	21	18	25
Management	0	0	1	6	4	3	7	28	23	19
Statistics	2	3	7	4	4	5	4	3	5	15
Higher Education and Research	3	1	2	3	1	4	5	3	2	2
Marketing	0	0	0	1	2	0	0	6	1	1
Tourism and Hospitality	1	1	1	2	0	0	0	0	0	0
Health Economics and Policy	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	3
Accounting	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0
All categories	338	336	333	425	407	521	581	1,167	1,064	861

Where the papers come from#

Journals with the most papers, since 2023
#	Journal	Papers
1	Expert Systems with Applications	373
2	Computers & Industrial Engineering	268
3	Neural Computing and Applications	258
4	Artificial Intelligence Review	209
5	Annals of Operations Research	178
6	Computers & Operations Research	167
7	European Journal of Operational Research	122
8	Swarm and Evolutionary Computation	120
9	IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation	116
10	Journal Of Big Data	93

Institutions with the most papers, since 2023
#	Institution	Papers
1	Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique	87
2	Hong Kong Polytechnic University	50
3	Huazhong University of Science and Technology	42
4	Eindhoven University of Technology	41
5	Tsinghua University	39
6	University College London	37
7	University of Tehran	35
8	Beihang University	30
9	Ghent University	30
10	Xi'an Jiaotong University	30

Countries with the most papers, since 2023
#	Country	Papers
1	China	1,128
2	United Kingdom	398
3	United States	332
4	India	215
5	Turkey	214
6	Germany	213
7	Spain	211
8	France	206
9	Italy	197
10	Iran	179

Keywords with the most papers, since 2023
#	Keyword	Papers
1	genetic algorithm	727
2	multi-objective optimization	454
3	NSGA-II	355
4	metaheuristic optimization	207
5	hybrid genetic algorithm	177
6	mixed-integer linear programming	145
7	feature selection	144
8	makespan minimization	125
9	particle swarm optimization	118
10	bi-objective optimization	112

Most-cited papers#

Most-cited papers since 2017
#	Citations	Per month	Title	Journal	Published	Authors
1	781	8.7	Evolving Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Image Classification	IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation	2019-05-10	Yanan Sun, Bing Xue, Mengjie Zhang et al.
2	778	14.6	A comparative analysis of K-Nearest Neighbor, Genetic, Support Vector Machine, Decision Tree, and Long Short Term Memory algorithms in machine learning	Decision Analytics Journal	2022-05-27	Malti Bansal, Apoorva Goyal, Apoorva Choudhary
3	748	18.4	A comprehensive survey on NSGA-II for multi-objective optimization and applications	Artificial Intelligence Review	2023-06-16	Haiping Ma, Yajing Zhang, Shengyi Sun et al.
4	720	6.8	Adaptive network based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) training approaches: a comprehensive survey	Artificial Intelligence Review	2018-01-03	Derviş Karaboğa, Ebubekir Kaya
5	716	9.0	Evolutionary algorithms and their applications to engineering problems	Neural Computing and Applications	2020-03-16	Adam Słowik, Halina Kwaśnicka
6	716	17.0	Path planning techniques for mobile robots: Review and prospect	Expert Systems with Applications	2023-05-03	Lixing Liu, Xu Wang, Xin Yang et al.
7	700	7.0	Dendritic Neuron Model With Effective Learning Algorithms for Classification, Approximation, and Prediction	IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems	2018-07-10	Shangce Gao, MengChu Zhou, Yirui Wang et al.
8	611	19.4	Black-winged kite algorithm: a nature-inspired meta-heuristic for solving benchmark functions and engineering problems	Artificial Intelligence Review	2024-03-23	Jun Wang, Wenchuan Wang, Xiao-xue Hu et al.
9	555	7.5	A self-learning genetic algorithm based on reinforcement learning for flexible job-shop scheduling problem	Computers & Industrial Engineering	2020-08-29	Ronghua Chen, Bo Yuan Yang, Li Shi et al.
10	522	16.4	Federated learning for medical image analysis: A survey	Pattern Recognition	2024-03-12	Hao Guan, Pew‐Thian Yap, Andrea Bozoki et al.

Archive counts by publication year: a paper counts when its title, abstract or keywords name the equation, or when OpenAlex's full-text search finds it there (searched for the last 30 days' papers and, by a pass over the past years, for older ones). Names added to the list later are looked for in older papers as the archive is read again.

Papers mentioning Genetic algorithm, newest first. Newest 50 of 59 papers; all of them are in /data/papers.json.
Date	Title	Journal	Authors	Affiliations
2026-11-01	Constraint-Search Collaborative Genetic Algorithm for Bayesian Network Structure Learning	Artificial Intelligence	Zuowei He, Hengyang Lu, Shuwei Zhu et al.	Jiangnan University; Michigan State University
2026-10-31	Evolutionary memory-guided co-evolution of search and reasoning for manufacturing value chain scheduling	Swarm and Evolutionary Computation	Wenjun Xu, Shuang Zheng, Kaipu Wang et al.	Wuhan University of Technology
2026-10-31	Robust mask-based appointment scheduling in primary care practices	Health Care Management Science	Sabrina Schmitz, Martin Comis, Christina Büsing	RWTH Aachen University
2026-10-29	Distribution-guided evolution and tail-adaptive search for robust portfolio optimization	Swarm and Evolutionary Computation	Tanuja Mathpal, Arun Kumar	Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology
2026-10-28	A multi-objective neural architecture search method based on performance predictors for constructing interpretable cognitive diagnosis models in intelligent education	Applied Intelligence	Zenglin Qiao, Ali Asghar Heidari, Xinchao Zhao et al.	Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications; Liaocheng University; University of Tehran; …
2026-10-27	A KL-Divergence Weighted GRAS Algorithm for Input–Output Table Updating	Computational Economics	Ziyan Zou, Hechen Ju, Zhibin Sun et al.	Nanjing Normal University; Wuzhou University; Loyola University Maryland; …
2026-10-27	On Convexity and Optimization Approaches for Electric Vehicle Charging Scheduling Under Time-of-Use Pricing	Operations Research Forum	Heena Jain, Churlzu Lim	University of North Carolina at Charlotte
2026-10-27	A Q-learning enhanced multi-objective memetic algorithm for vehicle routing with simultaneous pickup-delivery and time windows	Swarm and Evolutionary Computation	赖雪瑜, Yalan Zhou	Guangdong University Of Finances and Economics; Guangdong University of Finance
2026-10-26	From unimodal to multimodal deep physiological signal analysis in healthcare: A survey of models, fusion and explainability	Knowledge-Based Systems	Thilini Bakmeedeniya, Selvarajah Thuseethan, Roshan Ragel et al.	University of Peradeniya; NSBM Green University; Charles Darwin University
2026-10-26	Resilience-based network design optimization under aleatory uncertainty	Computers & Industrial Engineering	Kais Zaman, Tavila Sharmin, Faisal Mahmud	Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology; North Carolina State University; Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology
2026-10-26	ChiSao: A fully GPU-resident optimizer for cataloguing the modes of multimodal black-box functions	Swarm and Evolutionary Computation	Ira Wolfson	Braude College of Engineering Karmiel
2026-10-26	A multilane macroscopic framework for mixed traffic: Addressing inter-lane flow imbalance and CAV effects at freeway merging bottlenecks	Transportation Research Part B Methodological	Kangning Hou, Fangfang Zheng, Xiaobo Liu	Southwest Jiaotong University
2026-10-26	Quality versus quantity: including imperfect training data improves prediction of user satisfaction in software projects	Knowledge and Information Systems	Łukasz Radliński	West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin
2026-10-26	Even flow in dynamic networks for wastewater treatment	Annals of Operations Research	Antton Kasslin, Jeremias Berg	University of Helsinki
2026-10-26	Routing, scheduling, and synchronization of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with bus hitchhiking for last-mile parcel delivery	Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies	Yizhi Zhen, Fangni Zhang, Yong‐Hong Kuo et al.	University of Hong Kong; Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School; Tsinghua University
2026-10-26	Community-based strategies for user-driven competitive influence maximization in social networks	Knowledge and Information Systems	Rahul Kumar Gautam	GLA University
2026-10-25	GANCS: GAT-enhanced PPO warm-starting of NSGA-III for energy- and SLA-aware cloud workflow scheduling	Swarm and Evolutionary Computation	Amine Chraibi	Université Ibn Zohr
2026-10-25	A bi-level reinforcement learning-driven adaptive genetic algorithm for dynamic flexible job shop scheduling in complex product manufacturing	Swarm and Evolutionary Computation	Qingyang Jia, Jennifer Li Jennifer Li, Yajie Dou et al.	National University of Defense Technology; Xidian University
2026-10-24	Timebox-enhanced evolutionary algorithm for electric vehicle–drone routing problem with drone stations and time windows	Swarm and Evolutionary Computation	Setyo Tri Windras Mara, Ruhul Amin Sarker, Saber Mohammed Elsayed et al.	UNSW Canberra; University of Sharjah; Basque Center for Applied Mathematics; …
2026-10-24	Data-driven budget optimization for team sports	International Journal of Information Management Data Insights	Christos Spyropoulos, Polychronis Εconomou, Sotiris Bersimis	University of Piraeus; University of Patras
2026-10-24	A multi-stage multi-level attention-based feature learning framework for multi-endpoint survival prediction in head and neck cancer	Applied Intelligence	Xiaoying Pan, Xingzhao Pan, Lin Bai et al.	Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications; University of California, Los Angeles
2026-10-24	Genetic algorithm based approaches for solving hybrid flowshop scheduling problem under production leveling based lot streaming strategy	Flexible Services and Manufacturing Journal	Murat ÇOLAK, Gülşen Aydın Keskin	Kocaeli Üniversitesi; Balıkesir University
2026-10-24	Change-aware contrastive learning framework for dynamic multi-objective optimization	Information Sciences	Hao Lin, Feng Shen, Qingbo Hao et al.	Inner Mongolia University of Technology; Tianjin University of Technology
2026-10-23	Dynamic prediction of loss given default in Norwegian retail credit card debt: advanced machine learning versus statistical models	Digital Finance	Cathy Ho, Isabel A. C. Sandersen, Espen Selliken et al.	Norwegian University of Science and Technology
2026-10-22	Learning-based bi-level optimization algorithm for collaborative scheduling of production and transportation in a reconfigurable assembly job shop	Computers & Industrial Engineering	Lixin Cheng, Chao Wu, Yu Zhang et al.	Wuhan University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Ship Development & Design Institute
2026-10-20	A new hierarchical matheuristic applied to the helicopter routing problems (HRP)	Journal of Heuristics	André Machado, Rodrigo Rosa, Hendrigo Venes et al.	Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo
2026-10-19	A systematic literature review of bank failure prediction models	Finance Research Open	Japheth Jev, Lukman Akanbi, Muhammad Bilal et al.	Birmingham City University; Birmingham Newman University; University of Greater Manchester
2026-10-19	An intelligent scheduling system for heterogeneous UAV multi-trip delivery: A two-phase hybrid metaheuristic for makespan minimisation	Expert Systems with Applications	Jiao Zhang, Kuru Ratnavelu, Raenu Kolandaisamy et al.	Krirk University; UCSI University
2026-10-19	A boundary expansion local search framework for enhancing diversity of MOEAs in multi-objective combinatorial optimization	Swarm and Evolutionary Computation	Xuepeng Ren, Shengxiang Yang, Guangming Dai et al.	China University of Geosciences; De Montfort University
2026-10-19	Sustainable portfolio optimization with four objectives: Assessing the role of diversification	Operations Research Perspectives	Ana Garcı́a-Bernabeu, Adolfo Hilario-Caballero, Francesca Luciani	Universitat Politècnica de València; Roma Tre University
2026-10-17	A two-stage ensemble learning framework for imbalanced classification via feature and ensemble selection	Expert Systems with Applications	Pengcheng Liu	Southwest Jiaotong University
2026-10-17	MO-UDRL-H: hybrid Pareto-safe distributional reinforcement learning for multi-objective cloud task allocation	Applied Intelligence	Chunhui Xu, Chundi Hu	Zhejiang University
2026-10-16	A game-theoretic approach for the retailer-third party multiple market-site capture competition in an end-of-life product collection system	Operational Research	Maryam Ziaei, Mariam Ameli, Morteza Rasti−Barzoki et al.	Kharazmi University; Isfahan University of Technology; Amirkabir University of Technology
2026-10-16	A mixed-integer linear programming approach to container terminal layout optimization: application to the port of Piraeus	Operational Research	Konstantinos Charalampidis, Ιωάννης Καμπούρης, Tatiana P. Moschovou	National Technical University of Athens
2026-10-16	A hybrid metaheuristic for the family capacitated vehicle routing problem	Journal of Heuristics	Bruno Oliveira, D閎ora Balduci Lima, Marcos Costa Roboredo	Universidade Federal Fluminense
2026-10-16	An exact solution algorithm for the bi-level optimization problem of electric vehicles charging station placement	Transportation Research Part B Methodological	Mobina Nankali, Michael W. Levin	University of Minnesota
2026-10-16	A physical model approach to order lot sizing	Operational Research	Tania Daiana Tobares, Margarita Miguelina Mieras, Fabricio Orlando Sanchez Varretti et al.	National Technological University; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; National University of Mar del Plata; …
2026-10-15	A Michigan style genetic fuzzy system framework for multiple sclerosis: towards a digital twin application	Applied Intelligence	Muhammad Faisal, Moataz Ahmed, Sagheer Khan et al.	King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals; King Fahad Specialist Hospital
2026-10-15	Reinforcement learning-assisted quantum-inspired optimization of autonomous ambulance routing under cyber risk: Los Angeles wildfire case study	Computers & Industrial Engineering	Hooman Razavi, Mostafa Hajiaghaei–Keshteli, Hossein Bonakdari et al.	University of Ottawa; Tecnológico de Monterrey
2026-10-15	A Cognitive, Quantum-Inspired Learning Framework for Energy-Efficient and Reliable Routing in Wireless Body Area Networks	Cognitive Computation	Soufiane Ben Othman, Naima Saeed	King Faisal University; University of Aden
2026-10-14	Demand-driven urban rail transit timetabling: Research perspectives	Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies	Tommaso Schettini, Ola Jabali, Gilbert Laporte et al.	Concordia University; HEC Montréal; Politecnico di Milano; …
2026-10-14	Integrated planning of public fast and slow charging stations in urban cities	Transport Policy	Dian Sheng, Chen Zhang, Baoli Liu et al.	Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Dalian Maritime University; Florida State University; …
2026-10-13	Hierarchical facility location-inventory-routing problem for maximal joint and gradual coverage	Operational Research	Büşra Sultan Bayat, Ertan Yakıcı, Levent Erişkin et al.	Milli Savunma Üniversitesi; Çankaya University; Piri Reis University; …
2026-10-13	Optimizing grassland biodiversity and carbon co-benefits under climate change: An integrated climate-ecological-economic modelling framework	Land Use Policy	Rong‐Gang Cong, Xin Zhang, Wenying Han et al.	Beijing Institute of Technology; Democritus University of Thrace; Lund University
2026-10-12	Transit lines structures when users’ costs are dismissed: Lessons from stylized networks	Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice	Sergio R. Jara-Diaz, Diego de Amesti, Antonio Gschwender	University of Chile
2026-10-12	Optimizing ergonomics and productivity in automotive assembly lines: a bi-objective integer linear programming approach	Top	Gabriel Gazzinelli Guimarães, Sebastião Antônio A. Rodrigues, Kelly Cristina Poldi	Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)
2026-10-12	A Stackelberg Game Theory-Based Multi-Vehicle Decision Planning Model for Bus Exiting at Bus Bay Stops	Networks and Spatial Economics	Huasheng Liu, Zikun Qiao, Jin Li et al.	Jilin University; BYD (China); Southeast University
2026-10-12	GM-DualTransAML++: A Multi-Source Graph–Transformer Framework with Statistical Risk Mining and Typology Supervision for Anti-Money Laundering Detection	Annals of Data Science	Kirti Akash Nimbhorkar, Vinod M. Patil, Priyanka V. Deshmukh	Symbiosis International University
2026-10-10	Scale and space in industrial policy implementation: Geospatial evidence from urban Ethiopia	Land Use Policy	Dejene Tesema Bulti, Anteneh Lemmi Eshete	Adama Science and Technology University
2026-10-10	Offline reinforcement learning with heterogeneous graph representation and attention mechanisms for human–machine collaborative flexible job shop scheduling	Computers & Industrial Engineering	Shiliang Shao, Maolin Cai, 曲洪权 Qu Hongquan et al.	Beihang University; Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology

Cite this page

Scholar4AI. (2026). Genetic algorithm. Journal and Conference Research Rankings. Retrieved November 5, 2026, from https://scholar4ai.com/equations/genetic-algorithm

@misc{scholar4ai-equations-genetic-algorithm,
  author = {{Scholar4AI}},
  title = {Genetic algorithm},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://scholar4ai.com/equations/genetic-algorithm}},
  urldate = {2026-11-05},
  note = {Journal and Conference Research Rankings; data from OpenAlex (CC0); licensed CC BY-NC 4.0}
}

Free to reuse for non-commercial purposes with attribution (CC BY-NC 4.0).