Papers on “bi-level optimization”
Research on “bi-level optimization” in the 480 tracked journals: papers per year and category, the journals, institutions and countries publishing it, the keywords studied with it and its most-cited papers. It is not among the most frequent keywords of the last 30 days, so this page has no list of its latest papers. Also as Markdown.
← Top research keywords · Keyword trends
Key findings#
- From 2017 to 2026 (so far), the keyword “bi-level optimization” appeared in 897 papers in the tracked journals, most of them in operations research (661), AI (195) and economics (32).
- 122 of them were published in 2025, against 62 in 2017.
- Since 2023, the institutions with the most of these papers were Hong Kong Polytechnic University (21), Southeast University (16) and Nanyang Technological University (15).
- The journals publishing most of them were Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review (41), Expert Systems with Applications (35) and European Journal of Operational Research (34).
- The most-cited of them is “A Review on Bilevel Optimization: From Classical to Evolutionary Approaches and Applications” (IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 2017), with 913 citations.
Papers per year#
20172026 (so far)
| Category | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 (so far) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operations Research | 52 | 49 | 52 | 56 | 70 | 52 | 75 | 89 | 83 | 83 |
| AI | 10 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 22 | 18 | 25 | 30 | 32 | 35 |
| Economics | 0 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 4 |
| Information Systems | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Statistics | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Management | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| All categories | 62 | 60 | 60 | 69 | 97 | 73 | 107 | 124 | 122 | 123 |
Where the papers come from#
| # | Institution | Papers |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hong Kong Polytechnic University | 21 |
| 2 | Southeast University | 16 |
| 3 | Nanyang Technological University | 15 |
| 4 | Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique | 14 |
| 5 | National University of Singapore | 14 |
| 6 | Tongji University | 14 |
| 7 | Chinese Academy of Sciences | 11 |
| 8 | Dalian University of Technology | 11 |
| 9 | Tecnológico de Monterrey | 11 |
| 10 | Beijing Jiaotong University | 10 |
| # | Country | Papers |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | China | 217 |
| 2 | United States | 88 |
| 3 | Hong Kong | 40 |
| 4 | France | 37 |
| 5 | Germany | 36 |
| 6 | Singapore | 29 |
| 7 | United Kingdom | 27 |
| 8 | Canada | 24 |
| 9 | Iran | 24 |
| 10 | Australia | 20 |
| # | Keyword | Papers |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Stackelberg game | 28 |
| 2 | multi-objective optimization | 20 |
| 3 | genetic algorithm | 17 |
| 4 | facility location | 16 |
| 5 | mixed-integer linear programming | 14 |
| 6 | mixed-integer nonlinear programming | 14 |
| 7 | robust optimization | 14 |
| 8 | meta-learning | 13 |
| 9 | Benders decomposition | 11 |
Most-cited papers#
Cite this page
Scholar4AI. (2026). Papers on “bi-level optimization”. Journal and Conference Research Rankings. Retrieved November 3, 2026, from https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/bi-level-optimization
@misc{scholar4ai-keywords-bi-level-optimization,
author = {{Scholar4AI}},
title = {Papers on “bi-level optimization”},
year = {2026},
howpublished = {\url{https://scholar4ai.com/keywords/bi-level-optimization}},
urldate = {2026-11-03},
note = {Journal and Conference Research Rankings; data from OpenAlex (CC0); licensed CC BY-NC 4.0}
}