Bootstrap

area: Statistics and Bayesian methods · 5 papers in the last 7 days

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\widehat{se}_B = \sqrt{\frac{1}{B - 1}\sum_{b=1}^{B} \big(\hat\theta^{*b} - \bar\theta^{*}\big)^2}

Estimates uncertainty by re-estimating on samples drawn with replacement from the data.

LaTeX: \widehat{se}_B = \sqrt{\frac{1}{B - 1}\sum_{b=1}^{B} \big(\hat\theta^{*b} - \bar\theta^{*}\big)^2}

Names searched for: bootstrap method, bootstrap resampling, bootstrapped standard error, bootstrap confidence interval, wild bootstrap, bootstrap procedure

Variables and notation#

theta-hat* b is an estimate from bootstrap resample b, theta-bar* their average and B the number of resamples; se-hat_B is their sample standard deviation.

Worked example#

For resampled estimates (1,2,3), mean=2 and estimated standard error=sqrt((1+0+1)/(3−1))=1.

Bootstrap estimates sampling uncertainty by resampling; a parametric standard error uses analytic/model assumptions. Time series and clustered data need resampling that preserves dependence; three draws illustrate arithmetic, not reliable inference.

Sources and further reading#

Efron (1979), Bootstrap Methods: Another Look at the Jackknife

Examples use illustrative inputs, not observed research results. Logarithms are natural unless stated otherwise. Guide updated 2026-11-05. Prepared by Scholar4AI. Editorial and verification policy.

Key findings#

Bootstrap was mentioned in 59 papers in the last 30 days (2026-10-07 to 2026-11-05), ranking #17 of the 248 equations and models mentioned.
By journal category: Economics (10), Statistics (10), Operations Research (9), Finance (8), AI (6), Management (4), Tourism and Hospitality (3), Information Systems (3), Health Economics and Policy (2), Marketing (2) and Higher Education and Research (2).
Most of them appeared in Research in Transportation Business & Management (3), Annals of Operations Research (2) and Energy Policy (2).
Often mentioned together with Instrumental variables (two-stage least squares) (11), Structural equation modeling (SEM) (10) and Maximum likelihood estimation (9).
Datasets named in the same papers: Eurostat (3), LinkedIn (3) and World Development Indicators (World Bank) (2).
From Nov 2023 to Oct 2026, 1,249 archived papers mentioned Bootstrap in their title, abstract or keywords (the search of earlier months' full texts is still under way), most of them in Sep 2026 (91).
From 2017 to 2026 (so far), Bootstrap was mentioned in 1,457 papers in the tracked journals, most of them in economics (405), statistics (332) and finance (167).
337 of them were published in 2025, against 30 in 2017.
Since 2023, the institutions with the most of these papers were Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (22), IZA - Institute of Labor Economics (21) and Monash University (21).
The journals publishing most of them were Journal of Econometrics (55), Statistics and Computing (38) and International Review of Economics & Finance (36).
The most-cited of them is “Multiple hypothesis testing in experimental economics” (Experimental Economics, 2019), with 465 citations.

Mentions over 36 months#

Papers mentioning it by publication month, Nov 2023 to Oct 2026 (titles, abstracts and keywords; the full texts of earlier months are still being searched)
Trend	Nov 23–Oct 24	Nov 24–Oct 25	Nov 25–Oct 26	36 months
	323	326	600	1,249

Papers per year#

20172026 (so far)

Papers per publication year and category
Category	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024	2025	2026 (so far)
Economics	4	4	10	3	5	1	35	110	107	126
Statistics	21	15	15	12	9	18	26	59	72	85
Finance	3	0	2	3	0	1	6	34	33	85
Management	0	0	2	1	1	0	7	46	31	55
AI	1	1	3	2	1	3	8	15	30	53
Operations Research	0	4	3	0	1	4	4	19	22	47
Health Economics and Policy	1	1	3	1	2	1	7	16	20	20
Marketing	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	9	5	15
Information Systems	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	6	5	15
Tourism and Hospitality	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	7	19
Higher Education and Research	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	2	3	15
Accounting	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	2	2	5
All categories	30	25	38	23	19	30	97	318	337	540

Where the papers come from#

Journals with the most papers, since 2023
#	Journal	Papers
1	Journal of Econometrics	55
2	Statistics and Computing	38
3	International Review of Economics & Finance	36
4	Future Business Journal	22
5	Statistical Papers	21
6	Journal of Innovation & Knowledge	21
7	Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization	20
8	Annals of Operations Research	20
9	Computational Statistics & Data Analysis	19
10	Statistical Methods & Applications	19

Institutions with the most papers, since 2023
#	Institution	Papers
1	Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique	22
2	IZA - Institute of Labor Economics	21
3	Monash University	21
4	Erasmus University Rotterdam	17
5	KU Leuven	17
6	Sapienza University of Rome	14
7	University of Padua	14
8	Durham University	13
9	London School of Economics and Political Science	13
10	TU Dortmund University	13

Countries with the most papers, since 2023
#	Country	Papers
1	United States	221
2	United Kingdom	206
3	Germany	172
4	China	170
5	Italy	145
6	Spain	121
7	Australia	81
8	Netherlands	63
9	France	62
10	Canada	41

Keywords with the most papers, since 2023
#	Keyword	Papers
1	COVID-19 pandemic	42
2	wild bootstrap	32
3	bootstrapping	29
4	confidence intervals	26
5	China	25
6	bootstrap confidence intervals	25
7	random forest	20
8	mediating effect	19
9	asymptotic distribution	18
10	asymptotic properties	18

Most-cited papers#

Most-cited papers since 2017
#	Citations	Per month	Title	Journal	Published	Authors
1	465	5.0	Multiple hypothesis testing in experimental economics	Experimental Economics	2019-01-29	John A. List, Azeem M. Shaikh, Yang Xu
2	322	3.9	The influence of social capital and entrepreneurial attitude orientation on entrepreneurial intentions: the mediating role of psychological capital	European Research on Management and Business Economics	2019-12-30	Tuatul Mahfud, Mochamad Bruri Triyono, Putu Sudira et al.
3	264	7.9	Importance and performance in PLS-SEM and NCA: Introducing the combined importance-performance map analysis (cIPMA)	Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services	2024-01-23	Sven Hauff, Nicole Richter, Marko Sarstedt et al.
4	214	2.1	Bootstrapping the out-of-sample predictions for efficient and accurate cross-validation	Machine Learning	2018-05-09	Ioannis Tsamardinos, Elissavet Greasidou, Giorgos Borboudakis
5	181	6.4	Digital infrastructure and innovation: Digital divide or digital dividend?	Journal of Innovation & Knowledge	2024-07-01	Zhuo-Ya Du, Qian Wang
6	176	5.6	A review of predictive uncertainty estimation with machine learning	Artificial Intelligence Review	2024-03-18	Hristos Tyralis, Georgia Papacharalampous
7	171	1.8	Intuitionistic Fuzzy Twin Support Vector Machines	IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems	2019-01-17	Salim Rezvani, Xizhao Wang, Farhad Pourpanah
8	158	1.6	Two-stage estimation of the impact of contextual variables in stochastic frontier production function models using Data Envelopment Analysis: Second stage OLS versus bootstrap approaches	European Journal of Operational Research	2018-11-06	Rajiv D. Banker, Ram Natarajan, Daqun Zhang
9	146	1.3	A heteroskedasticity robust Breusch–Pagan test for Contemporaneous correlation in dynamic panel data models	Journal of Econometrics	2017-03-02	Andreea G. Halunga, Chris D. Orme, Takashi Yamagata
10	135	4.3	Machine learning with a reject option: a survey	Machine Learning	2024-03-29	Kilian Hendrickx, Lorenzo Perini, Dries Van der Plas et al.

Archive counts by publication year: a paper counts when its title, abstract or keywords name the equation, or when OpenAlex's full-text search finds it there (searched for the last 30 days' papers and, by a pass over the past years, for older ones). Names added to the list later are looked for in older papers as the archive is read again.

Papers mentioning Bootstrap, newest first. Newest 50 of 59 papers; all of them are in /data/papers.json.
Date	Title	Journal	Authors	Affiliations
2026-11-02	The mining channel of climate-induced international migration in Latin America: instrumental-variable evidence and a comparison with agriculture	Mineral Economics	Troncoso Pedro, Viviana P. Fernandez	Universidad de Antofagasta; Adolfo Ibáñez University
2026-10-31	Mapping the beyond GDP field: Canonical concentration and insular invisibility in three decades of multidimensional prosperity measurement (1995–2026)	Ecological Economics	Emilio Bonal, Serafin Corral	Universidad de La Laguna
2026-10-30	Differentiated port fees and efficiency: evidence from Sino–U.S. liner shipping	Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice	Kevin X. Li, Xinping Zhao, YE Guanqiong et al.	Zhejiang University; Beijing Normal-Hong Kong Baptist University
2026-10-30	Context-dependent belief channels in eVTOL service deployment: Evidence from tourism, emergency medical services and logistics	Research in Transportation Business & Management	Xin Zhang, Mengjie Jin, Zhuo Chen et al.	Chung-Ang University; Nanjing University of Finance and Economics; Shandong University
2026-10-30	Ordered Weighted Average Life Expectancy	Operations Research Forum	Hadeel S. Baraheem, José M. Merigó	University of Technology Sydney; King Abdulaziz University
2026-10-29	A simulation-driven approach to last-mile logistics analysis considering microlevel operational sequences for efficient delivery planning	Annals of Operations Research	Shamimur Rahman, Dana Zamorano, Tzu‐Liang Bill Tseng et al.	The University of Texas at El Paso; North Carolina State University
2026-10-29	Beyond the campervan lifestyle: A social cartography of contemporary campervan tourism	Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism	Angelo Salento, Serena Arima, Vincenzo Latronico et al.	University of Salento
2026-10-29	ADS-B-enhanced operational benchmarking of airport arrival performance: A DEA-based application to selected Turkish airports	Research in Transportation Business & Management	Enes Ozcelik	Eskisehir Technical University
2026-10-28	German farmers' preferences for peatland rewetting schemes: Autonomy, flexibility and institutional trust	Land Use Policy	Marius Michels, Oliver Mußhoff	University of Göttingen; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
2026-10-28	Do charging infrastructure and electric vehicle adoption drive each other? The limits of time-series evidence for policy in an emerging electromobility market	Energy Policy	Sebastian Szymon Grzesiak	Wroclaw University of Economics and Business
2026-10-27	Pledging patents for ESG: Evidence from China's listed companies	International Review of Economics & Finance	Ruoyu Zhu, Qipo Wang, Xiaohui Xin	Tsinghua University; Shandong University of Finance and Economics; Beijing Jiaotong University
2026-10-27	Calibrated agents as market makers: automated liquidity provision for long-tail prediction markets	Digital Finance	Nihar Shah
2026-10-26	Psychological capital, workplace well-being, and operational resilience as drivers of sustainable air transport management: Evidence from commercial aviation pilots	Research in Transportation Business & Management	Chao Wang, Xi Zhou, Juanjuan Zhai et al.	Huanghe Jiaotong University; Shanghai University
2026-10-26	Creative project teams’ adaptive responses to task alterations at different points in time	Journal of Business and Psychology	A Richter, M Baer	University of Cambridge; Washington University in St. Louis
2026-10-26	Unbiased estimation of normalized scale-invariant indices under the Gamma distribution	Behaviormetrika	Roberto Vila, Helton Saulo, Felipe Sousa Quintino	Universidade de Brasília; Universidade Federal de Pelotas
2026-10-25	Factor momentum and stock momentum in the UK: Spanning and its limits	Finance research letters	James Foye	Birmingham City University
2026-10-25	Matching-based estimation of causal quantile exposure response functions for continuous treatments	Statistics and Computing	Luca Merlo, Francesca Dominici, Lea Petrella et al.	Link Campus University; Harvard University; Sapienza University of Rome; …
2026-10-24	PF-Mamba-UNet: An Anatomical-Prior-Guided Medical Image Segmentation Network Based on Mamba and Spatial-Channel Collaborative Attention Fusion	Cognitive Computation	Leyi Xiao, Kangshun Liao, Baoxian Zhou et al.	Hainan University
2026-10-24	Coal subsidies and long-term contract pricing: a perspective from factor marketization reforms	Energy Policy	Xiaofei Wang, Nan Liu, Kuijian Qu et al.	Shandong Institute of Business and Technology; Hunan Normal University; Key Laboratory of Computing and Stochastic Mathematics (Ministry of Education)
2026-10-24	The impact of labor reactivation on employability and well-being: an RCT with Red Cross Spain	SERIEs	Veronica Gonzales Stuva, Yanina Domenella, Pedro Rey‐Biel	Esade; Universitat Ramon Llull; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
2026-10-23	Goodness-of-fit testing via linear combinations of degenerate V-statistics	Metrika	Katarina Halaj Mileusnić, Bojana Milošević, Marko Obradović	University of Belgrade
2026-10-22	Do long-term yields help to estimate short-term risk premia?	Journal of Financial Economics	Andrea Berardi, Roger Brown, Stephen M. Schaefer	Ca' Foscari University of Venice; London Business School
2026-10-22	Turning adversity into opportunity: Managerial interventions and employee responses to observed customer mistreatment	International Journal of Hospitality Management	Xiaowen Hu, Hongmin Yan, Siran Zhan	Queensland University of Technology; University of Manchester; Aston University; …
2026-10-21	Individual Resilience as Human Capital Stock: Neighborhood Social Capital, Environmental Perceptions, and Dynamic Pathways Across COVID-19 Phases	Networks and Spatial Economics	Rui Sun, Yiming Wang	University of Bristol; University College London
2026-10-21	When bargaining power matters: foreign direct investment and bilateral GDP disparities	Empirical Economics	Xing Xu, Emin Gahramanov, Qinglai Meng et al.	Shanghai Institute of Technology; American University of Sharjah; Oregon State University; …
2026-10-21	International comparisons of institutions and innovation: Assessing the role of institutional coherence	Journal of International Management	Drew Woodhouse, Andrew Johnston	Sheffield Hallam University; University of Huddersfield; Lund University
2026-10-20	Economic evaluation of the Be-Prox anti-bullying intervention in Norwegian early childhood education and care settings: an exploratory partial within-trial cost-effectiveness analysis alongside a cluster randomised controlled trial	Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation	Renira C. Angeles, Ingrid Kvestad, Merete Aasheim et al.	NORCE Research AS; UiT The Arctic University of Norway
2026-10-19	Energy equity under crisis pricing: the vulnerability-responsiveness paradox in Norwegian residential electricity consumption during the European energy crisis	Utilities Policy	Seyed‐Ali Sadegh‐Zadeh, Murouj Aljamaeen, Mohammad Amin Barati et al.	University of Staffordshire; University of Tehran; University of Essex
2026-10-19	Reusability report: multi-sample omics network inference operates in distinct robustness regimes defined by prior knowledge and data availability	Nature Machine Intelligence	Xabier Martinez‐de‐Morentin, Sameer Ahmad Khan, Itziar Cenzano et al.	King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Ilia State University; Karolinska University Hospital; …
2026-10-19	Cryptocurrency and initial trust formation: an empirical investigation into the dynamics of willingness to use in financial transactions	Financial Innovation	Ahmed Geebren	Tobruk University
2026-10-19	From Forest to Market: Sustainability Signals and Consumer Decision-Making for Amazonian Products	Journal of Consumer Policy	Gabriela Nobre Dias, Ingrid Moons, Kavita Miadaira Hamza et al.	University of Antwerp; Universidade de São Paulo
2026-10-18	Reproducible LLM-based measurement depends on the serving stack	Finance research letters	Hsiang-Chieh Yang	Augusta University
2026-10-17	AGraphHF: Adversarial graph-based multimodal learning for heart failure risk prediction	Artificial Intelligence in Medicine	Mamo Tadiyos Hailemichael, Mohammed Hasanuzzaman, Hui Wang et al.	Queen's University Belfast; Munster Technological University; University of Cambridge
2026-10-16	Customer complaint analytics in digital financial services: temporal prediction of untimely responses and capacity-aware prioritization	Future Business Journal	Jinho Cha, Lam Trong Vu, Thanh-Tung Nguyen et al.	Gwinnett Technical College; CMC University; Texas A&M University – Corpus Christi
2026-10-16	Detecting change points in the hemodynamic response in event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging	Computational Statistics & Data Analysis	Friederike Preusse, Thorsten Dickhaus, André Brechmann	University of Bremen; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology
2026-10-15	Integrated cognitive processing model of phishing detection: Mood state as moderating factor in the mindful cognition mediated detection process	International Journal of Information Management	Debalina Bera, Arindam Majumder, Dan Jong Kim	University of North Carolina at Greensboro; University of North Texas
2026-10-14	ESG disclosure and sustainable financial performance: the mediating role of institutional ownership in Tanzanian commercial banks	Future Business Journal	Zawadi Ally, Flavianus Benedicto Ng’eni	Institute of Finance Management
2026-10-14	ChatGPT’s feedback credibility and students’ perceived learning: the role of agent-related social perceptions	International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education	Raúl Pérez‐López, Rubén González-Vallejo, Laura Lucia‐Palacios et al.	Universidad de Zaragoza; Universidad de Málaga; CUNEF Universidad
2026-10-14	Testing the equality of parameters in fixed and increasing dimension	Journal of Multivariate Analysis	M. Romero-Madroñal, M. Remedios Sillero‐Denamiel, M. D. Jiménez–Gamero	Universidad de Sevilla
2026-10-13	Training and productivity in micro-firms	Research Policy	Marco Rispoli, Federico Tamagni	Prometeia (Italy); Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna
2026-10-12	A Selective Review of Statistical Significance in Cluster Analysis	Methodology And Computing In Applied Probability	Yifan Dai, Hui Shen, Yufeng Liu	University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; McGill University; University of Michigan
2026-10-12	Relative performances of alternative approaches to estimation and prediction in the spatial lag model	Statistical Papers	Takafumi Kato	Nagoya University
2026-10-12	Performance uncertainty in medical image analysis: A large-scale investigation of confidence intervals	Medical Image Analysis	Pascaline André, Charles Heitz, Evangelia Christodoulou et al.	Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Inserm; Sorbonne Université; …
2026-10-11	Locally derived transition probabilities for EQ-5D crosswalk in a Brazilian population: an alternative to European-based mapping algorithms	Population Health Metrics	Marcelo Goulart Correia, Vanessa R von Doellinger, Bernardo Rangel Tura et al.	Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia
2026-10-11	INLA-RF: A hybrid modeling strategy for spatio-temporal environmental data	Computational Statistics & Data Analysis	Mario Figueira, Michela Cameletti, Luca Patelli	Universitat de València; University of Bergamo
2026-10-10	Streamline pathology foundation model by cross-magnification distillation	Medical Image Analysis	Ziyu Su, Abdul Akbar, Usama Sajjad et al.	The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; The Ohio State University
2026-10-09	Gender earnings equity in local labor markets and hospitality establishment survival	Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management	Zhen Richard Tang	Loyola Marymount University
2026-10-09	A fast and stable algorithm for non-parametric maximum likelihood estimation of survival functions for left-truncated and interval-censored data	Statistics and Computing	Zachary Waller, Adele H. Marshall, Frank Kee et al.	Queen's University Belfast; Ontario Tech University
2026-10-09	When the strait stops: The 2026 Hormuz crisis and the frequency analysis of commodity market connectedness	The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance	Mucahit Kochan, Cigdem Gonul Kochan	Northeastern Illinois University
2026-10-09	Model-based medical decision making: From system dynamics to object-process methodology	International Journal of Information Management Data Insights	Keren Or Grinberg-Rosenbaum, Dov Dori	Technion – Israel Institute of Technology

Cite this page

Scholar4AI. (2026). Bootstrap. Journal and Conference Research Rankings. Retrieved November 5, 2026, from https://scholar4ai.com/equations/bootstrap

@misc{scholar4ai-equations-bootstrap,
  author = {{Scholar4AI}},
  title = {Bootstrap},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://scholar4ai.com/equations/bootstrap}},
  urldate = {2026-11-05},
  note = {Journal and Conference Research Rankings; data from OpenAlex (CC0); licensed CC BY-NC 4.0}
}

Free to reuse for non-commercial purposes with attribution (CC BY-NC 4.0).