Variance inflation factor

area: Specification and diagnostic tests · 3 papers in the last 7 days

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VIF_j = \frac{1}{1 - R_j^2}

Measures how much multicollinearity inflates the variance of a coefficient; R_j^2 is from regressing x_j on the other regressors.

LaTeX: VIF_j = \frac{1}{1 - R_j^2}

Names searched for: variance inflation factor, VIF

Variables and notation#

R_j² is the R-squared from regressing predictor j on the other predictors; VIF_j measures inflation of its coefficient variance under the standard linear-model comparison.

Worked example#

If the auxiliary R² is 0.8, VIF=1/(1−0.8)=5 and the corresponding standard-error inflation factor is sqrt(5)≈2.2361.

VIF diagnoses multicollinearity; a residual heteroskedasticity test diagnoses changing noise variance. High VIF is not itself bias or a mandate to remove a substantively required confounder.

Sources and further reading#

statsmodels: variance inflation factor and multicollinearity

Examples use illustrative inputs, not observed research results. Logarithms are natural unless stated otherwise. Guide updated 2026-11-05. Prepared by Scholar4AI. Editorial and verification policy.

Key findings#

Variance inflation factor was mentioned in 45 papers in the last 30 days (2026-10-07 to 2026-11-05), ranking #29 of the 248 equations and models mentioned.
By journal category: Management (17), Finance (6), Operations Research (5), Information Systems (5), Economics (4), Marketing (3), AI (2), Higher Education and Research (2) and Tourism and Hospitality (1).
Most of them appeared in Future Business Journal (4), International Review of Economics & Finance (3) and Technological Forecasting and Social Change (3).
Often mentioned together with Structural equation modeling (SEM) (16), Ordinary least squares (OLS) (15) and Composite reliability (15).
Datasets named in the same papers: World Development Indicators (World Bank) (5), Facebook (4) and Refinitiv Datastream (3).
From Nov 2023 to Oct 2026, 1,550 archived papers mentioned Variance inflation factor in their title, abstract or keywords (the search of earlier months' full texts is still under way), most of them in Jul 2026 (96).
From 2017 to 2026 (so far), Variance inflation factor was mentioned in 1,602 papers in the tracked journals, most of them in management (709), finance (271) and economics (257).
439 of them were published in 2025, against 1 in 2017.
Since 2023, the institutions with the most of these papers were University of Reading (27), University of Leeds (26) and Durham University (22).
The journals publishing most of them were Future Business Journal (167), Journal of Innovation & Knowledge (70) and International Review of Economics & Finance (59).
The most-cited of them is “Visible and Infrared Image Fusion Using Deep Learning” (IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 2023), with 406 citations.

Mentions over 36 months#

Papers mentioning it by publication month, Nov 2023 to Oct 2026 (titles, abstracts and keywords; the full texts of earlier months are still being searched)
Trend	Nov 23–Oct 24	Nov 24–Oct 25	Nov 25–Oct 26	36 months
	442	445	663	1,550

Papers per year#

20172026 (so far)

Papers per publication year and category
Category	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2023	2024	2025	2026 (so far)
Management	0	0	1	0	1	47	186	210	264
Finance	0	0	0	0	1	17	77	60	116
Economics	0	0	0	0	0	14	70	74	99
Operations Research	0	1	0	0	0	6	26	25	36
Marketing	0	0	0	0	0	7	20	21	29
Information Systems	0	0	0	0	0	4	23	19	30
Accounting	0	0	0	0	0	4	25	13	14
Health Economics and Policy	0	0	0	1	0	1	8	9	9
AI	1	0	0	0	0	3	6	5	7
Statistics	0	0	1	1	0	0	2	3	0
Higher Education and Research	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	4
Tourism and Hospitality	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
All categories	1	1	2	2	2	103	443	439	609

Where the papers come from#

Journals with the most papers, since 2023
#	Journal	Papers
1	Future Business Journal	167
2	Journal of Innovation & Knowledge	70
3	International Review of Economics & Finance	59
4	Journal of Business Research	54
5	Small Business Economics	43
6	International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal	39
7	Review of Managerial Science	37
8	Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship	37
9	Technological Forecasting and Social Change	35
10	Financial Innovation	35

Institutions with the most papers, since 2023
#	Institution	Papers
1	University of Reading	27
2	University of Leeds	26
3	Durham University	22
4	University of Birmingham	21
5	University of Manchester	19
6	Erasmus University Rotterdam	18
7	University of Vaasa	18
8	University of Bologna	16
9	University of Nottingham	16
10	Lancaster University	15

Countries with the most papers, since 2023
#	Country	Papers
1	United Kingdom	404
2	China	232
3	United States	180
4	Spain	149
5	Italy	144
6	Germany	140
7	Australia	121
8	France	85
9	Netherlands	78
10	India	66

Keywords with the most papers, since 2023
#	Keyword	Papers
1	moderating effect	95
2	corporate governance	93
3	emerging markets	79
4	small and medium-sized enterprises	70
5	mediating effect	59
6	digital transformation	49
7	COVID-19 pandemic	48
8	dynamic capabilities	47
9	firm performance	44
10	multinational corporations	44

Most-cited papers#

Most-cited papers since 2017
#	Citations	Per month	Title	Journal	Published	Authors
1	406	9.4	Visible and Infrared Image Fusion Using Deep Learning	IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence	2023-03-30	Xingchen Zhang, Yiannis Demiris
2	264	7.9	Importance and performance in PLS-SEM and NCA: Introducing the combined importance-performance map analysis (cIPMA)	Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services	2024-01-23	Sven Hauff, Nicole Richter, Marko Sarstedt et al.
3	262	8.0	Factors affecting performance expectancy and intentions to use ChatGPT: Using SmartPLS to advance an information technology acceptance framework	Technological Forecasting and Social Change	2024-02-06	Mark Anthony Camilleri
4	210	6.1	Green knowledge management: A key driver of green technology innovation and sustainable performance in the construction organizations	Journal of Innovation & Knowledge	2023-12-22	Ali Khan, Khalid Mehmood, Ho Kwong Kwan
5	190	6.6	Green innovation and firms’ financial and environmental performance: The roles of pollution prevention versus control	Journal of Accounting and Economics	2024-06-13	Qiang Cheng, An-Ping Lin, Mengjie Yang
6	181	6.4	Digital infrastructure and innovation: Digital divide or digital dividend?	Journal of Innovation & Knowledge	2024-07-01	Zhuo-Ya Du, Qian Wang
7	169	5.2	Explainable artificial intelligence and agile decision-making in supply chain cyber resilience	Decision Support Systems	2024-02-17	Kiarash Sadeghi R., Divesh Ojha, Puneet Kaur et al.
8	162	1.9	Misconceptions about multicollinearity in international business research: Identification, consequences, and remedies	Journal of International Business Studies	2019-08-05	Thomas Lindner, Jonas F Puck, Alain C. Verbeke
9	155	5.5	Assessing the nexus of Generative AI adoption, ethical considerations and organizational performance	Technovation	2024-07-01	Nripendra Pratap Rana, Rajasshrie Pillai, Brijesh Sivathanu et al.
10	130	4.0	How does environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance determine investment mix? New empirical evidence from BRICS	Borsa Istanbul Review	2024-02-28	Zhichao Yu, Umar Farooq, Mohammad Mahtab Alam et al.

Archive counts by publication year: a paper counts when its title, abstract or keywords name the equation, or when OpenAlex's full-text search finds it there (searched for the last 30 days' papers and, by a pass over the past years, for older ones). Names added to the list later are looked for in older papers as the archive is read again.

Papers mentioning Variance inflation factor, newest first.
Date	Title	Journal	Authors	Affiliations
2026-10-31	CEO power and stock price crash risk: moderating effect of environmental practices	Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting	Hamad Aldawsari, Taufiq Choudhry, Muhammad Saad Baloch	Saudi Electronic University; University of Southampton
2026-10-31	Road traffic deaths between social capital and health system: the Italian case	The Annals of Regional Science	Lucia Errico, Sandro Rondinella	University of Calabria
2026-10-30	Charting the Divide: The Intersection of Healthcare Provider Demographics and Politics in the Post-Dobbs Regime	Journal of Economics Race and Policy	Jennifer Bennett Shinall, Myrick Clements Shinall	Vanderbilt University; Vanderbilt University Medical Center
2026-10-29	Debt, taxation and productivity in European industrial firms: System-GMM evidence and panel threshold robustness	International Review of Economics & Finance	Ons Hbaieb, Lyes Kermad, Kamel Helali	University of Sfax; Faculty of Economics and Management of Sfax; Université Paris 8
2026-10-29	FinTech adoption and perceived banking performance in emerging Asian economies: Regional heterogeneity in managerial perceptions across Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Indonesia	International Review of Economics & Finance	Samir Alamad	Coventry University
2026-10-27	The evolving role of organisational foresight: Implications for the food service industry	Technological Forecasting and Social Change	Rogério João Lunkes, Daiane Antonini Bortoluzzi, Lorenzo Compagnucci et al.	Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso; University of Macerata
2026-10-27	Economic impacts of pasture degradation at the municipal level: Evidence from Minas Gerais, Brazil	Ecological Economics	Amanda Camargos de Moura, Diogo Nepomuceno Cosenza, Rafael Faria de Abreu Campos et al.	Universidade Federal de Viçosa
2026-10-27	Diverging investors’ perspectives: The role of the firm’s environmental performance and family nature in shaping the cost of capital	Journal of Family Business Strategy	Yasser Basstawy, Paola Rovelli, Fabio Zona	Free University of Bozen-Bolzano; University of Trento
2026-10-26	Common ownership and consumer welfare	Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science	Saeed Janani, Sina Aghaie, Darima Fotheringham et al.	University of Denver; Wichita State University; Texas Tech University; …
2026-10-26	Quality versus quantity: including imperfect training data improves prediction of user satisfaction in software projects	Knowledge and Information Systems	Łukasz Radliński	West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin
2026-10-26	Creative project teams’ adaptive responses to task alterations at different points in time	Journal of Business and Psychology	A Richter, M Baer	University of Cambridge; Washington University in St. Louis
2026-10-25	From consumer skepticism to voluntary simplicity: understanding the drivers of reduced consumption in an emerging economy	Future Business Journal	Iftikhar Ahmad, Sabah Younus, Muhammad Awais Khalid et al.	National College of Business Administration and Economics; National University of Modern Languages; NFC Institute of Engineering and Technology
2026-10-24	Crypto to stablecoins: Digital money and exchange-rate volatility	Research in International Business and Finance	Joanna Darwiche, Moustapha Badran, Mohamed Awada et al.	Saint Joseph University; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier Recherche en Economie; …
2026-10-23	Public support for regulatory research on the potential ecological effects of RF-EMF	Technological Forecasting and Social Change	Laura Recuero Virto, Peter Bou Saba, Arno Thielens et al.	Centre Européen de Recherche en Economie Financière et Gestion des Entreprises; ICN Business School Nancy-Paris-Berlin; Université de Lorraine; …
2026-10-23	When Does Analytic Complexity Matter? A Theory-Informed Comparison of Regression-Based and Algorithmically Flexible Models of Student Success in Community Colleges	Innovative Higher Education	JoHyun Kim, Jeongmin Ji, Seung Won Yoon	Texas A&M University; Korea Institute for Curriculum and Evaluation
2026-10-23	Sentiment-Driven Forecasting of Fractional Trading Activity Using LSTM Networks	Methodology And Computing In Applied Probability	Christina Erlwein‐Sayer, Sakir Kepezkaya, Natalie Packham et al.	HTW Berlin - University of Applied Sciences; Berlin School of Economics and Law; Bucharest University of Economic Studies
2026-10-22	What works when: calibrating temporal focus for crowdfunding success	Information & Management	Yu-Wei Lin, Shiyu Yang, Aravinda Garimella	Santa Clara University; San Francisco State University; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
2026-10-22	Globalization channels and business cycle synchronization: The roles of capital mobility and China's bilateral trade	International Review of Economics & Finance	Dong Yao, Wanyin Zhong, Liang Chen et al.	Chengdu Jincheng College
2026-10-22	From ride acceptance to premium payment: A value-based study of air taxi service adoption	Research in Transportation Business & Management	Wenjuan Liu, Guanqiu Qi, Xueqin Wang et al.	Shandong University; Chung-Ang University
2026-10-21	Investigating the determinants of gaming app disengagement: A mixed methods–grounded theory approach	Information & Management	Haroon Iqbal Maseeh, Charles Jebarajakirthy	Griffith University; Sunway University
2026-10-20	Consumer innovativeness and purchase behaviour in AI-enabled voice commerce: parallel mediation by attitude and trust	Future Business Journal	Jyoti Sharma, Shabnam Gulati, Jamal Akhtar Khan et al.	Lovely Professional University; Chandigarh University; Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University
2026-10-19	Cryptocurrency and initial trust formation: an empirical investigation into the dynamics of willingness to use in financial transactions	Financial Innovation	Ahmed Geebren	Tobruk University
2026-10-19	A reciprocal perspective on internationalization and ESG in EMNEs: The role of digitalization	International Business Review	Chao Zhang, Ioannis Petrakis, Zonghan He et al.	Northumbria University; Chongqing University; University of Birmingham; …
2026-10-17	The transparency dividend: Effects of corporate environmental management information disclosure on green-tech FDIs in emerging-market cities	Journal of International Management	Zhuoran Liu, Yameng Zhang, Honglan Yu et al.	Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University; University of Sheffield
2026-10-16	Economic sanctions’ ‘blind spot’: the power of internalized markets of MNEs	Journal of International Business Policy	Igor V. Filatotchev, Jan Hendrik Fisch, Jelena Graneros et al.	King's College London; Vienna University of Economics and Business; James Cook University; …
2026-10-15	Cross-country policy learning for electric vehicle adoption: A data-driven open innovation perspective integrating culture, policy, and market behavior	Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity	Imam Djati Widodo, Dwi Adi Purnama, Sayyidah Maulidatul Afraah	Islamic University of Indonesia
2026-10-15	Artificial intelligence is not enough to enhance organizational performance	Technological Forecasting and Social Change	Michael Wang	Kingston University London; City St George's, University of London; University College London
2026-10-14	ESG disclosure and sustainable financial performance: the mediating role of institutional ownership in Tanzanian commercial banks	Future Business Journal	Zawadi Ally, Flavianus Benedicto Ng’eni	Institute of Finance Management
2026-10-14	Perform together: gaining growth momentum in SMEs through employee involvement	International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal	Paul Geuvers, Erik Stam, Samuele Murtinu	Utrecht University
2026-10-14	Cultural value configurations and guests’ evaluations of AI-enabled service technologies	International Journal of Hospitality Management	Matteo Borghi, Phatcharasiri Ratcharak, Mustafeed Zaman et al.	University of Reading; University of Greenwich; Audencia Business School; …
2026-10-12	Examining determinants of cloud analytics adoption in SMEs	Information Systems and e-Business Management	Benedict Langer, Alex Feld	Technical University of Munich
2026-10-11	Tender negotiation and project procurement performance: examining the moderating role of supply market intelligence in World Bank financed projects	Future Business Journal	Jackson William Musiba, Victoria Makuya, Faustine Panga	The University of Dodoma; Moshi Co-operative University
2026-10-09	State ownership, media sentiment, and the completion of cross-border acquisitions	Journal of Business Research	Yan Gao, Chao Zhang	Northumbria University
2026-10-08	Chatbot service quality in omnichannel retailing: Effects of ChatbotSQ on decision confidence and customer behavior	Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services	Fatimah Ali Abbas, Jamie Carlson, Syed Mahmudur Rahman et al.	University of Newcastle Australia; Jazan University; Macquarie University; …
2026-10-08	The impact of firm-specific climate change exposure on vertical integration	International Journal of Production Economics	Miaomiao Zhang, Hugo K.S. Lam, Yangchun Xiong et al.	Hong Kong Polytechnic University; University of Liverpool; University of York; …
2026-10-08	AI capability and product innovation intensity: Driving B2B marketing innovation under varying levels of market turbulence	Technovation	Nisreen Ameen, Jun‐Hwa Cheah, Senmao Xia et al.	Royal Holloway University of London; University of Reading; University of East Anglia; …
2026-10-08	Environmental and social sustainability performance and supply-chain-related operating instability: Evidence from global listed firms	Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity	Saif Ur Rehman, Rachid Alami, Abeer Daifallah Abdelkarim Al Sardi et al.	Canadian University of Dubai; Westcliff University
2026-10-08	Populism and sustainable marketing practices: Insights from consumer-packaged goods manufacturers’ new product launches	Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science	Martin Heinberg, Mustapha Belkhouja, H.D. Yoon	University of Leeds; Grenoble Ecole de Management; Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales du Nord
2026-10-07	The conditional value relevance of ESG and innovation disclosures: a multi-method analysis of European firms combining panel econometrics and machine learning	Annals of Operations Research	Andreas Errikos Delegkos, Evangelia Arsenou, Dionisis Cavouras et al.	University of West Attica; University College Dublin
2026-10-07	From search results to generative answers: A mixed-methods study of credibility assessment and trust formation in AI Overviews	Information Processing & Management	Yolanda Casermeiro-Corpas, Francisco Rejón‐Guardia, María Vallespín Arán et al.	Universidad de Málaga
2026-10-07	Generative AI as a social partner for young adults: Dual pathways to resilience and AI dependence	International Journal of Information Management	Yoojin Shin, DongA Jeong, Hyun Chul Kang et al.	Yonsei University
2026-10-07	Economic Losses Associated With Tropical Cyclones in Mexico: A Two-stage Model	Economics of Disasters and Climate Change	Diana Estefanía Castillo Loeza, Francisco Iván Hernández Cuevas, David Romero	Secretaría de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnología e Innovación; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Universidad Marista de Mérida
2026-10-07	Professors between Autonomy and Engagement: Political Attitudes at the Science–Policy Interface in Germany	Higher Education Policy	Nadin Fromm, Markus Seyfried	Helmut Schmidt University; Hochschule für Polizei und Öffentliche Verwaltung Nordrhein-Westfalen
2026-10-07	When digitalization becomes fragmented: Process-level digital misalignment and labor productivity in developing and emerging economies	Digital Business	Quach Minh Tai, Thi My Hanh Le	HUTECH University; Ho Chi Minh City University of Economics and Finance
2026-10-07	Transport capital and regional economic performance in Korea: Implications for balanced regional development under the public investment appraisal system	Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice	Changhoon Lee, John Preston, Shahram Heydari	University of Southampton

Cite this page

Scholar4AI. (2026). Variance inflation factor. Journal and Conference Research Rankings. Retrieved November 5, 2026, from https://scholar4ai.com/equations/variance-inflation-factor

@misc{scholar4ai-equations-variance-inflation-factor,
  author = {{Scholar4AI}},
  title = {Variance inflation factor},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://scholar4ai.com/equations/variance-inflation-factor}},
  urldate = {2026-11-05},
  note = {Journal and Conference Research Rankings; data from OpenAlex (CC0); licensed CC BY-NC 4.0}
}

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